Speech summary Viktor Glushko, leader working group"National Radio Association", deputy. General Director of LLC "Scientific and Production Company "Geyser", " Frequency spectrum allocation for LTE networks" at the Second International Business Forum "Evolution of Networks mobile communications LTE Russia & CIS 2010", May 25-26, 2010.
I present a fragment of the abstract in the part relating to the 800 MHz band.
There are known problems in obtaining the frequency spectrum in Russia. But the problem is complex even without national characteristics, as a rule, after the appearance new technology the process of searching for frequencies for its implementation begins. The frequency resource is almost always not enough, there is not a single meeting of the World Radiocommunication Conference where the issues of additional allocation of frequencies for IMT mobile radio systems are not discussed. The conference scheduled for 2012 will also consider this issue, in particular the use of the 800 MHz band for land mobile systems.
Although, in general, the topic of frequency allocation is an endless topic, the issue of using frequencies in Russia, as they say, is "overdue". So, at the next meeting of the SCRF board, it is planned to make a decision on the creation of experimental LTE zones in Russia and produce the corresponding frequency assignments(as we now know, this meeting was not destined to take place).
Meanwhile, it is approximately clear where you can look and what you can expect in terms of prospects for the use of frequencies. The data below is based on studies conducted by the NRA in early 2010 on the entire frequency range that could in principle be used to deploy LTE mobile communications systems.
When thinking about the use of frequencies to create LTE in Russia, one cannot ignore what is happening with LTE in Europe. There the situation has already been sufficiently determined.
It is planned to use the 800 MHz low frequency band to cover large areas with low population density, and the 2.6 GHz band to provide adequate network capacity in large cities.
Here I would like to make a digression from Mr. Glushko's summary of the speech and develop the topic a bit regarding the use of the 800 MHz band in Europe.
In May 2010, the European Commission adopted a Decree on the establishment of harmonized technical rules for EU member states regarding the assignment of radio frequencies in the 800 MHz band, which would facilitate the deployment of high-speed wireless Internet services without causing interference. The Commission has supported the use of the 790 - 862 MHz band (which is currently used by most of the EU Member States for terrestrial TV broadcasting) for electronic communications services and is interested in European countries acting quickly as the coordinated management of this radio spectrum band can provide economic benefits up to 44 billion euros for the EU economy, and contribute to the achievement of the strategic goals of the EC 2020 program in terms of high-speed broadband access for all by the end of 2013 (with a gradual increase in speeds up to 30 Mbps and above by 2020).
Telecom industry experts believe that mobile broadband coverage in the 800 MHz band is 70% cheaper than the frequencies used in 3G/WCDMA networks.
It is important to note that the decision does not in itself oblige EU member states to provide the 790 - 862 MHz band for telecommunication services. However, a Telefonica O2 pilot project in the United Kingdom is already known (previously, O2 conducted LTE tests in the 2.6 GHz band for several months).
Even more indicative is the auction for the sale of frequencies for the creation of mobile broadband access systems in Germany.
Frequencies in four bands were put up for auction, but the main struggle ensued for lots in the 800 MHz band, and the maximum amount of money was paid for them (the total amount received by Germany from the 800 MHz auction amounted to 4.4 billion euros).
LTE tests in the 800 MHz band are known, which are conducted in Germany by Vodafone. Now, after acquiring the 2x10 MHz band in this band, the company intends to start building LTE in rural areas of Germany.
(I will deliberately ignore the 2.6 GHz band and its use in Europe in this note. There will be another reason to return to its consideration).
Let's return to Viktor Glushko's speech. In Europe, the issues of using (reusing) the 1800 MHz frequency band for LTE have not been removed from consideration, but the level of activity in this direction is low compared to the two bands - 800 MHz and 2100 MHz.
In relation to other bands and the world in general.
In China, there is a real chance of using the 2.3 GHz band. The 1.5 GHz and 700 MHz bands are rather exotic, they will be used in Japan and the USA, respectively.
Again, I deviate from the abstract.
In Japan, NTT DoCoMo does have plans for 1.5 GHz, but only to expand network coverage. Initially, construction of the NTT network will begin in the 2.1 GHz band.
In general, regarding the use of frequencies in various bands for the construction of LTE systems in the world, there are various plans. Here are two slides to illustrate this:
Here, the areas of the sectors are determined by the number of operators that have announced their plans to build LTE networks in certain frequency bands. Unfortunately, I don’t have a breakdown by operators, so the reliability and relevance of the slide leaves some questions.
I will return to the summary of the speech.
We have a big problem with the 1.5 GHz band in Russia. The 700 MHz band can still be seen what's wrong with it. So the list of potentially interesting bands for LTE for Russia may look like this:
800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2300 MHz, 2400 MHz and 2600 MHz.
Let's take a closer look at the situation with the 800 MHz band (790 - 862 MHz) in Russia. This range is often referred to as the "digital dividend". It must be understood that such a name came from the idea of a part of humanity that as a result of rescheduling the broadcasting band, some additional resource will arise. The frequency range for analog broadcasting turns out to be redundant in the transition to digital, it would seem fair to expect the appearance of free frequencies. Based on this, Western countries have formed a certain policy of promoting the 790-862 MHz band in Europe and 869-806 MHz in the USA for the development of mobile broadband access. Moreover, LTE was not specifically mentioned in the decisions; usually, speaking of these ranges, they say UMT or mobile broadband access. But given the current trend, we can assume that we are still talking about LTE, first of all.
So, a certain "digital dividend" has been formed, which, strictly speaking, has not been formed in Russia. The fact is that our use of the range for analog broadcasting was not complete due to a large number military means. The range is almost completely occupied by such means.
If you now say "broadcasters, you have a dividend, share the spectrum", then the expected answer will be "leave me alone, we don't have enough." It would seem that this can be put an end to. But there is another factor as well. Broadcasting, by its nature, cannot be combined with those RES, primarily for military purposes, that are present in this band. And networks cellular communication on the contrary, they can. And there are examples of successful combinations, as many people remember, AMPS / DAMPS networks successfully worked in this range in Russia. This probably gives hope that bands for civil mobile broadband systems can be searched in the band. And the preliminary express analysis that was carried out showed that in the range of 790 - 862 MHz you can find 2 * 10 MHz frequency duplex, which could be used for the deployment of a mobile broadband system of the LTE standard.
Unfortunately, 10 MHz is very small, it is hardly appropriate to build on this some kind of state program or put it up for competition, since this frequency band is hardly enough for one operator. So another idea came up. It is connected with "moving" into the American band, dropping below the 790 MHz band - up to 698 MHz. In this case, the results of the express analysis show that it is possible to obtain bands for two operators already (ie 2 at 2x10 MHz FDD). It's already something.
There are problems here, of course. First, the fact that in this case we are moving "perpendicular" to Europe is not news to us, of course, and it is not scary. Secondly, we are attacking the legal rights of broadcasters here, since the third multiplex that they are now trying to form for digital broadcasting, he climbs into this strip. Some frequency blocks in the band from 698 to 790 MHz will already be considered by broadcasters. Analysis was carried out in the NRA in order to identify opportunities. Decisions will be made later, taking into account the results that will be obtained in the experimental zones. (This concludes the citation of the summary of Viktor Glushko's speech).
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
My opinion. It is the 800 MHz band that would be ideal for the development of mobile broadband access systems in Russia in territories outside the cities of a million people - we would not lose "compatibility" with Europe, in particular, with Germany, which would provide a good choice of subscriber devices, as well as roaming opportunities with Europe.
But something else is more important - it is in this range that it is most cost-effective to build an LTE system. And such construction could serve to reduce the digital inequality of Russian citizens, the level of which today is largely determined by the place of residence. To do this, the state would have to deal with the conversion and clearing this frequency range in order to harmonize it with the outside world. And in this regard, to be honest, I do not expect any serious progress, unfortunately. Can you hope that I'm wrong?
Beginners don't understand the games played by standards makers. It would seem that it uses GSM frequencies 850, 1900, 900, 1800 MHz, what more? Quick answer - read the following section Phone instructions. The illegitimacy of the generally accepted interpretation will be shown. The problem is described in the following terms:
The foregoing explains the origins of the misunderstanding of the problem by beginners. Returning clarity to the question, let's build a simplified hierarchy of standards, indicating the frequencies used along the way.
The following information is intended to explain to the layman the structure of existing, extinct standards. Below, in the following sections, the technologies used in Russia will be described. The corresponding representatives of the tree that adorned the Russian forest are marked in bold.
Genealogy allows you to trace extinct species. For example, modern authors often use the abbreviation GSM, misleading the reader. The technology is entirely limited to the second generation of cellular, an extinct species. Former frequencies with additions continue to be used by descendants. On 1 December 2016, Australia's Telstra ended its use of GSM, becoming the first operator in the world to completely upgrade its equipment. Technology continues to be content with 80% of the world's population (according to the GSM Association). On January 1, 2017, the American AT&T followed the example of Australian colleagues. The stop of the service by the Optus operator followed, and on April 2017, Singapore recognized the discrepancy between 2G and the growing needs of the population.
So, the term GSM is used in relation to aging equipment that has failed the RF. Descendant protocols can be called GSM successors. The frequencies are preserved by the next generations. Punctures, methods of information transfer are changing. The aspects of frequency allocation that accompany equipment upgrades are discussed below. Be sure to provide information that allows you to establish the relationship of GSM.
The phone manual will provide useful information regarding the issue. The corresponding section lists the supported frequencies. Separate devices will allow you to adjust the reception area. You should choose a phone model that catches generally accepted Russian channels:
LTE technology adds 2600 MHz area, 800 MHz channel is introduced.
In 1983, the development of a European digital communication standard began. As a reminder, the first generation of 1G used analog transmission. Thus, engineers developed the standard in advance, anticipating the history of the development of technology. Digital communication was born by the Second World War, more precisely, by the Green Hornet encrypted transmission system. The military was well aware that the era of digital technology was coming. The civil industry caught the movement of the wind.
The European organization CEPT has created a GSM committee (Groupe Special Mobile). The European Commission has proposed using the 900 MHz spectrum. The developers settled in Paris. Five years later (1987), 13 EU countries submitted a memorandum to Copenhagen on the need to create a single cellular network. The community decided to request the help of GSM. In February, the first technical specification was released. Politicians from four countries (May 1987) supported the project with the Bonn Declaration. The next short period (38 weeks) is filled with general hustle and bustle, ruled by four designated persons:
In 1989, the GSM commission leaves the CEPT trusteeship, becoming part of ETSI. On July 1, 1991, the former Prime Minister of Finland, Harry Holkeri, made the first call to a subscriber (Kaarina Suonio) using the services of the Radiolinia provider.
In parallel with the introduction of 2G, work was underway to use the 1800 MHz region. The first network covered the UK (1993). At the same time, the Australian operator Telecom moved in.
The 1900 MHz frequency was introduced by the USA (1995). The GSM Association was created, the world number of subscribers reached 10 million people. A year later, the figure increased tenfold. The use of 1900 MHz prevented the introduction of the European version of UMTS.
The 800 MHz band appeared in 2002, in parallel with the introduction of the multimedia messaging service.
What frequencies have become the Russian standard? The confusion is added by the ignorance by the authors of the Runet of the standards adopted by the official developers. The direct answer is discussed above (see the Phone Instructions section), we describe the work of the organizations mentioned (the UMTS section).
Examining the results of 2010, the GSM Association stated that 80% of the planet's subscribers are covered by the standard. This means that four-fifths of the networks cannot choose a single frequency. In addition, there are 20% foreign communication standards. Where does the root of evil come from? The countries of the second half of the 20th century developed separately. Frequencies 900 MHz of the USSR were occupied by military, civil air navigation.
In parallel with the development by Europe of the first versions of GSM, NPO Astra, the Research Institute of Radio, and the Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense started research that ended in full-scale tests. The verdict rendered:
Please note: again 2 standards. Each uses its own frequency grid. The announced tender for distribution of GSM-900 was won by NPO Astra, OJSC MGTS (now MTS), Russian companies, Canadian BCETI.
So, Moscow used, starting in 1992, the 900 MHz band (see above), because other GSM frequencies had not yet been born. In addition, NMT (Nordic Cell phones) ... Initially, the countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula developed two options:
Why did the Russian government choose the first answer? Probably decided to try two ranges. Please note that these standards describe analog communication(1G). Developer countries have been shutting down shop since December 2000. Iceland (Siminn) was the last to surrender (September 1, 2010). Experts note an important advantage of the 450 MHz band: range. A significant plus, appreciated by remote Iceland. The Russian government wanted to cover the area of the country with a minimum of towers.
NMT was loved by fishermen. The vacated grid was occupied by digital CDMA 450. In 2015, Scandinavian technologies mastered 4G. The Russian Uralwestcom vacated the closet on September 1, 2006, Sibirtelecom on January 10, 2008. Subsidiary (Tele 2) Skylink fills the Perm and Arkhangelsk regions with a range. The license expires in 2021.
American 1G networks using the AMPS specification refused to accept GSM. Instead, two alternatives have been developed to organize mobile networks second generation:
The standard is now dead, replaced everywhere by the descendants of GSM / GPRS, CDMA2000.
The Russian man in the street often uses used equipment. D-AMPS equipment has reached warehouses of Tele 2, Beeline. On November 17, 2007, the latter closed the shop for the Central Region. The license of the Novosibirsk region expired on December 31, 2009. The last swallow left on October 1, 2012 (Kaliningrad region). Kyrgyzstan used the range until March 31, 2015.
Some protocol variants use:
In the period December 2002 - October 2016 specifications 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (450 MHz) were used by Skylink. Now the infrastructure has been modernized, LTE has been introduced. On September 13, 2016, the news spread around the world portals: Tele 2 stops using CDMA. The American MTS began the process of introducing LTE a year earlier.
The development of the CELLPAC protocol (1991-1993) was a turning point in the development of cellular communications. Received 22 US patents. The descendants of the technology are LTE, UMTS. Packet data transmission is designed to speed up the process of information exchange. The project aims to improve GSM networks (frequencies listed above). The service user is required to obtain technologies:
The overlap of two technologies (SMS, GPRS) speeds up the process many times over. The specification supports IP, PPP, X.25 protocols. Packets keep coming even during a call.
The next step in the evolution of GSM is conceived by AT&T (USA). Compact-EDGE has taken over the D-AMPS niche. The frequencies are listed above.
The first generation to require upgrades to base station equipment. The frequency grid has changed. The rate limit for a line that takes advantage of HSPA+ is 42 Mbps. Realistically achievable speeds significantly overlap 9.6 kbps GSM. Starting in 2006, the countries started a renewal. Using orthogonal frequency multiplexing, the 3GPP committee intended to reach the 4G level. Early Birds released in 2002. Initially, the developer laid down the following frequencies:
Since the US was already using 1900 MHz, it chose the segments 1710..1755; 2110..2155 MHz. Many countries have followed America's lead. The 2100 MHz frequency is too often busy. Hence the numbers given at the beginning:
Agree, it is incorrect to drag in GSM, following a bad common example. The second generation used a half-duplex single channel, UMTS - used two at once (5 MHz wide).
The first attempt to allocate spectra took place on February 3-March 3, 1992. The decision was adapted by the Geneva conference (1997). It was the S5.388 specification that fixed the ranges:
The decision required further clarification. The commission identified 32 ultra-channels, 11 were unused reserves. Most of the others received clarifying names, since individual frequencies coincided. Russia rejected the European practice, despising the USA, having adopted 2 channels (band) UMTS-FDD:
Characteristics cell phone should be selected according to the information provided. The Wikipedia table revealing the frequency plan of the planet Earth is completely useless. They forgot to take into account the Russian specifics. Europe operates nearby IMT Channel 1. In addition, there is a UMTS-TDD mesh. The equipment of the two overhead network options is incompatible.
Evolutionary continuation of the GSM-GPRS-UMTS bundle. It can serve as an add-on for CDMA2000 networks. Only a multi-frequency phone is capable of providing LTE technology. Experts directly indicate a place below the fourth generation. Contrary to the statements of marketers. Initially, the ITU-R organization recognized the technology as appropriate, later the position was revised.
LTE is a registered trademark of ETSI. The key idea was the use of signal processors and the introduction of innovative methods of carrier modulation. IP-addressing of subscribers was recognized as expedient. The interface has lost backward compatibility, the frequency spectrum has changed again. The first grid (2004) was launched by the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo. The exhibition version of the technology overtook Moscow in the hot May 2010.
Repeating the experience of UMTS, the developers have implemented two options for the air protocol:
The frequency plans of the 2 technologies are different, 90% of the core design is the same. Samsung, Qualcomm produce phones capable of catching both protocols. Occupied ranges:
Russian operators have chosen LTE-FDD technology, use frequencies:
Frequencies remain the same (see LTE). Launch chronology:
The article is useful for those who are choosing an antenna and equipment for amplifying a mobile 3G and 4G Internet signal, or a repeater for amplifying cellular communications.
The 3G / 4G signal frequency is the initial parameter in choosing an antenna. For example, you may not know the location of base stations on the ground - just catch the signal and determine the direction by the level by turning the antenna. But if you do not know the frequency, then the signal can not be caught at all.
Important! All testing is recommended to be performed at the point of the planned installation of the antenna (with a laptop + modem, ideally on the roof), because indoors, the modem may not catch a signal in the 2600 MHz (4G) band, but for an outdoor antenna it is the most effective!
Due to the fact that the methods for determining the frequency of GSM / 3G / 4G / 4G + differ, we will consider them separately.
1. Android:
Attention! Turn off WiFi!
To test the frequency, the built-in technical menu "Netmonitor" (Network Monitor) is used, which in each smartphone model is called by a personal code. A list of Android phones and codes such as *#0011# or *#*#4636#*#* or *#*#197328640#*#* can be found
For Samsung:Turn off WiFi, and select 3G or 4G LTE mode. In the input field phone number dial the combination: * # 0011 #, after which the phone will enter to the service mode with a signal report of the BS you are connected to.
Here, without a doubt, it is worth noting the CellMapper application that is capable of identifying and displaying on the screen the value of the operating frequency, information about the tower, neighbors, displaying the tower on the map ( must enable the option“Calculate GSM/UMTS/LTE Frequencies”) As we already wrote, the frequency is displayed as Band. The signal level is indicated in the field Reference Signal Received Power(RSRP). To use the application, you must pass free registration Online.
Information about the signal level is contained on almost any 3G / 4G LTE modem, for this it is enough to study the menu.
Nevertheless , the most effective and inexpensive and reliable way to establish the carrier frequency of the Internet signal is a computer + modem that has a HiLink interface or Stick . Below is the test methodMDMA program using firmware Stick which usually stands on purchased locked modems of Russian telecom operators.
Important! Before starting the program MDMA (Mobile Data Monitoring Application) it is necessary to close all the "native" programs of the usb modem !!!
After launch, the program will display the signal level, air noise, and parameters base station. Here, our goal is to determine which 3G & 4G LTE frequency the operator is operating on., by sorting them out. Pushing a button"Band Config" we will call the window in which we perform simple actions:
It should be noted that there are cases when the operator broadcasts the Internet immediately intwo bands at the same time. For example, in the city of Chekhov M.O. Tele2 in 4G operates in parallel on 800 and 2600 MHz. The RSSI power is different, but the main frequency remains 800 MHz. If you want to provide great speed, and for reception to use both frequencies, you should use a multi-standard antenna that supports operation using LTE-A technology simultaneously in 2 bands.
Development of standards GSM 900, GSM E900, GSM 1800 contributed to the improvement of communication channels, but did not solve the problem of access to the Internet at the level required by a modern person.
These standards belonged to the second generation (2G), in which EDGE and GPRS protocols were used for data transmission, which made it possible to achieve speeds of up to 473.6 Kbps - catastrophically low for a modern user.
To date cellular standards one of the most important requirements is data transfer rate and signal purity. Obviously, this affects the development of the mobile operator market. So at one time 3G networks appeared in Russia, which won the massive attention of users. And now it is for this reason that the number of people who choose 4G is increasing.
Feature of the UMTS standard
The main feature that distinguishes the UMTS standard from GSM is that the use of WCDMA, HSPA +, HSDPA protocols allows users to access better mobile Internet. At speeds from 2 to 21 Mbps, you can not only transfer more data, but even make video calls.
UMTS covers more than 120 largest Russian cities. This is the standard in which the currently popular mobile operators(MTS, Beeline, MegaFon and Skylink) provide 3G Internet service.
It's no secret that high frequencies are more efficient for data exchange. However, in Russia there are some nuances that make it impossible to use in some regions, for example, the UMTS frequency of 2100 MHz.
The reason is simple: frequency UMTS 2100, which is actively used for 3G Internet, quickly sits down on obstacles. This means that not only distances to base stations, but also increased vegetation interfere with a high-quality signal. In addition, some regions are practically closed for this frequency due to the operation of air defense systems. So, in the South-Western part of the Moscow region, several military bases are located, and, accordingly, an unspoken taboo has been introduced on the use of this frequency.
In such a situation, for 3G Internet, UMTS 900. Waves in it frequency range have higher penetrating power. At the same time, at this frequency, the data transfer rate rarely reaches 10 Mbps. However, if you consider that even a few years ago in many cities they could not even think about Internet coverage, this is not so bad.
On this moment with the popular UMTS900, Huawei E352 and a more stable version of E352b, as well as E372, E353, E3131, B970b, B260a, E367, E392, E3276 show excellent results.
LTE: in what bands will the standard of the future work?
The developments in 2008-2010 became a logical development of UMTS. LTE is a new standard that aims to improve signal processing speed and throughput, and in technical terms - to simplify the network architecture and thereby reduce the time during data transfer. In Russia, the LTE network was officially launched in 2012.
It is LTE technology that determines the development in our country mobile internet new generation - 4G. This means access to live streaming, fast transfer of large files and other advantages of the modern Internet.
At the moment, 4G Internet is supported by the LTE 800, LTE 1800, LTE 2600 standards, using the LTE Cat.4, Cat.5, Cat.6 protocols. This allows, in theory, to obtain a data transfer rate of up to 100 Mbps on the return and up to 50 Mbps on the reception.
High LTE frequencies become an ideal solution for regions where the population density is quite high and where such a data transfer rate is very important. These include, for example, large industrial cities. However, if all operators will only work in the range LTE 2600– there will be a problem with the coverage of the radio signal immediately.
Now residents of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Krasnodar, Novosibirsk, Sochi, Ufa and Samara can take advantage of 4G technology. In Russia, Yota became one of the first operators to develop the fourth generation mobile standards. Now such large operators as Megafon and MTS have joined them.
Development is considered optimal today LTE 1800: This frequency is more economical and allows new companies that offer mobile services to enter the market. It is even cheaper to build networks at 800 MHz. Thus, it is possible to predict what LTE 800 And LTE 1800 will be the most popular among operators and, accordingly, with you and me.
LTE frequencies of various mobile operators
- Megaphone: frequencies LTE 742.5-750 MHz / 783.5-791 MHz, 847-854.5 MHz / 806-813.5 MHz, 2530-2540 MHz / 2650-2660 MHz, 2570-2595 MHz (license for Moscow and Moscow region );
- MTS: frequencies LTE 720-727.5 MHz / 761-768.5 MHz, 839.5-847 MHz / 798.5-806 MHz, 1710-1785 MHz / 1805-1880 MHz, 2540-2550 MHz / 2660-2670 MHz, 2595 -2620 MHz (license for Moscow and Moscow region);
- Beeline: frequencies LTE 735-742.5 MHz / 776-783.5 MHz, 854.5-862 MHz / 813.5-821 MHz, 2550-2560 MHz / 2670-2680 MHz.
Rostelecom: LTE frequencies 2560-2570 / 2680-2690 MHz.
Yota: LTE frequencies 2500-2530 / 2630-2650 MHz.
Tele2: frequencies 791-798.5 / 832 - 839.5 MHz.
Signal amplification at different frequencies
When you find yourself in a zone of uncertain signal reception or move away from your operator's base station for a long distance, an additional antenna is indispensable.
Directional Antennas UMTS 900 signal has an elementary package and can significantly increase the level of communication. At the same time, not only the Internet connection becomes more stable, but also the quality of voice transmission during a telephone conversation. You can't do without a UMTS 2100 antenna if you want to use the Internet while traveling: due to the constant switching from tower to tower, the data transfer rate drops catastrophically.
Directed LTE 800 antennas And LTE 1800 antennas – best option to amplify the 4G signal in the corresponding frequencies. These standards have higher penetration and signal range.
However, the data transfer rate is higher for LTE 2600, due to which 80% of users in Moscow have already switched to this standard. And purchase LTE 2600 antennas is a prerequisite for those who have chosen 4G LTE 2600 (Megafon, MTS, Beeline, Rostelecom, Yota) to get the maximum speed of the Internet. AmplifierLTEsignal will ensure stable data transmission at high frequencies.
Solutions from GSM-Repeaters.RU
| LTE 800 | |||
Quick answer: 800 megahertz modern processors- This is fine. Moreover, this is a very cool feature, not a device failure. Electricity consumption in this "reduced" mode is minimal. And as soon as all the blatant power of 2-4 gigahertz is needed, the processor will give them out instantly, or even add another 300-500 MHz to the nominal frequency. By the way, he will add it himself.
But why is the processor frequency sometimes reduced to "indecent" 800 megahertz?
One of the key devices of any computer (and near-computer monster such as a smartphone, TV, and even WiFi router) is the CPU. This is a chip with an area of a matchbox, and in thickness - a couple of matches. Laptops have even less CPU. In phones, the processor area is generally comparable to a penny coin. CPU, by the way, is the standard abbreviation for a processor, "Central Processor Unit". Russian analogue - CPU, "central processing unit".
The task of the processor: calculations. Everything that happens on the PC screen, and everything that is hidden somewhere in the depths of the “iron box” are numerical transformations, and nothing more. Even a letter on a monitor is not just a letter; is the symbol represented by:
The above is only an incomplete example of calculations for only one letter, with which the CPU works.
Clock speed (in simple terms) is the number of simple digital operations that a processor can perform per second. 2.5 gigahertz = 2.5 billion addition, subtraction or multiplication of prime numbers. Frequency is one of the many characteristics of the CPU, but far from the only one. The higher the frequency, the more more powerful processor. But - it is "in principle".
The truck engine is many times more powerful and larger than the 3-4-cylinder passenger car engine. But faster and more dynamic is a passenger car. Same with CPU speed.
Let's look at an example. The more powerful the engine of the car - the faster this car? This is far from true. For example, the Kamaz engine is many times more powerful than the engine of a passenger car. Which of the two cars is faster? That's right, the small car will easily leave behind a multi-ton colossus despite all the hundreds of KAMAZ "horses". So it is with the frequency - the more powerful, the faster the computer. But only under otherwise equal conditions.
Typical processor frequencies have not "growth" for 10-15 years. As the Pentium 4 appeared at one time with their 3-3.4 GHz, these frequencies remained a kind of standard for productive systems. Further growth of this characteristic only leads to an exorbitant increase in heat release and energy consumption - this is the law. And who needs a computer that eats electricity like a vacuum cleaner? And with the heat dissipation of a small iron? A laptop that can work without an outlet for no more than half an hour is also a strange device.
Therefore, the creators of processors (primarily from Intel and AMD) are working on strengthening other characteristics of the CPU. The number of the smallest "organs" of the processor - transistors - increases, while their size decreases; delays between individual CPU blocks are categorically reduced - this is progress in computer performance. The banal increase in clock frequency has long exhausted itself. Why is that? Plants need water and sun - but they are good only up to certain limits. If you pour water on a flower, it will die. If you plant a rose in the desert, it will burn. So the processor frequency is good only up to a reasonable limit, and then harmful.
Be happy for the progress of computer technology and for the fact that you have a decent modern PC. After all, the processors of our time (from about 2007-2008) are so powerful devices that most often they simply have nothing to load. Excess power is needed only at times of high computer load. Just as a truck doesn't need hundreds of horsepower when it's only carrying a driver without a load, the extra gigahertz wastes electricity (and godlessly drains laptop battery).
800 megahertz of the processor (in the screenshot it is 798.1 at all) is the most modern technology for lowering power consumption.
Processor designers decided to “dump” extra frequencies when the computer does not need them. Have you moved away from the keyboard and mouse? In a minute, the operating system will “understand” that it is possible to turn off excess resources, and after another 50-100 nanoseconds (nano!) It will lower the processor frequency. It took power (for example, when opening a browser, page, or even a regular Notepad) - and after the same 50-100 ns, the frequency jumped from an obscenely weak 800 MHz to the classic 2-3 GHz. Almost instantly.
Electricity is saved, fans run quieter, laptops last longer - these are some of the benefits of instant clock speed reduction. Disadvantages of down frequency technology? They don't exist at all!
This minimum frequency is convenient for both processor creators and manufacturers. motherboards along with other computer equipment. The standard 800 megahertz as a reduced frequency of a computer is like 220 outlet volts and 50 of the same outlet hertz.
Moreover, operating systems It is "more convenient" to work with sufficiently fast processors. Minimum Requirements Windows 7 (and the modern "tens") are still the same 800 megahertz. If the CPU "throws off" the frequency to a lower one, the OS can mistakenly "think" that the resources for its comfortable work not enough and stop working.
Finally - about the "nominal frequency" of the processor. This characteristic is declared by the manufacturer for each processor model. Let's say modern Intel Core i5 6500 (Skylake generation) has:
It is this floating frequency technology called Speed Step that is responsible for lowering the frequency to 800 megahertz. But even more interesting is that the same technology automatically “overclocks” the processor from a nominal 3.2 up to 3.6 gigahertz when the computer needs more power.
Processor frequency monitoring: base - 3.33 MHz, but at the moment Intel technology SpeedStep increased the frequency to 3.46 MHz. During idle, the frequency will drop to 800 MHz.
Typical Speed Step scenarios:
Once again, we note: switching frequencies is automatic, user reaction is not required. The rise or fall in frequency is an almost instantaneous process: faster than the blink of an eye. Moreover, with each new generation of processors, the frequency switching moment decreases - in the short term, the delay time will be reduced from 50-100 nanoseconds to 25-30 ns.
Frequencies are reduced not only for processors, but also for video cards and other components computer systems. Reduced to save electricity and reduce heat generation. This is a normal procedure, which not only should not cause concern - this is a reason to be proud of the scientific and technological progress of mankind and evolution CPUs in particular.
