7.1. The main features of the operating room Windows systems
The Windows operating system is a graphical operating system for computers on the IBM PC platform. Its main controls are mouse and keyboard. The Windows operating system is designed to manage a standalone computer, but also contains everything you need to create a small local computer network. Part operating system included tools for working on the Internet.
The Windows operating system implements a document-oriented approach. This means that the user focuses on his documents, and not on the applications (programs) with which these documents are processed.
A Windows document is any file processed by applications. The document may contain text, graphics, sound and video information. A feature of Windows is that when a document is opened, an application is automatically launched that works with the file of this document. For example, if you need to work with a picture, you should open the file that contains it, and the graphics editor will be loaded automatically.
The Windows operating system contains a set of standard application programs. The main ones are the following:
Notepad program. This is the simplest text editor which can be used to view text files. It is rarely used to create text documents.
Graphics editor paint.
Used to learn how to work with graphic objects before learning professional graphic editors.
Word processor WordPad.
Serves for creating, editing and viewing text documents. It is a simplified version of the word processor Word.
Calculator.
The Windows operating system includes a set of utilities that help you maintain and configure your computer.
The application must go through an installation operation in order to work properly. The need for installation is due to the fact that developers software cannot know in advance the features of the hardware and software configuration computing system on which the application will run. Installation disk contains a semi-finished product, from which a full-fledged application is formed during installation on a computer. At the same time, it is linked to the hardware and software environment and setting. The installation is controlled by the operating system.
Because Windows enforces resource sharing, uninstalling an application should not be allowed to remove resources used by other applications. Therefore, the removal of applications occurs under the control of the operating system.
The clipboard is used to exchange data between different applications. The clipboard is an area of memory that all applications can access and read from or write to.
The ability to use objects of different nature in one document is based on the concept of embedding and linking objects. Embedding an object refers to including it in a document created by another application. When you save a document, all objects embedded in it are saved in one file. However, the size of the original text document increases by the size of the embedded object.
Linking differs from embedding in that the object itself is not inserted into the document, but instead a pointer to its location is inserted. When the reader reaches this pointer while viewing the document, the word processor will go to the address in the pointer and display the object in the body of the document.
Windows operating system features.
Standardization of the user interface (techniques and methods for managing hardware and software) GUI user interface in Windows is based on the idea of a window interface, which is also adopted in a number of other modern operating systems (for example, UNIX). Each program has its own window, in which messages are exchanged with the user. For clarity, Windows widely uses icons (pictograms) depicting individual programs;
optimal management of large-capacity RAM;
the ability to easily connect new external devices(plug and play) The operating system can programmatically determine the purpose of such a device, find out what options for its settings are possible, and choose the most suitable one;
integration of program functions (the ability to use objects created by means of another program in a particular program). It is possible to exchange data between applications, which allows, for example, information created in a spreadsheet to be transferred to a text document via the clipboard. OLE technology;
multitasking (the ability to simultaneously run multiple applications and easily switch from one program to another). Multitasking mode allows you to run several applications at the same time, for example, a word processor, a database, a game and switch between them;
micronucleus architecture.
The current trend in operating system development is to move much of the system code down to the user level while minimizing the kernel. It's about about the approach to building a kernel, called the microkernel architecture (microkernel architecture) of the operating system, when most of its components are independent programs. In this case, the interaction between them is provided by a special kernel module called the microkernel. The microkernel runs in privileged mode and handles interprogram communication, CPU usage scheduling, primary interrupt handling, I/O operations, and basic memory management.
Rice. 1.4 Microkernel operating system architecture
The remaining components of the system communicate with each other by passing messages through the microkernel.
The main advantage of the microkernel architecture is the high degree of modularity of the operating system kernel. This greatly simplifies adding new components to it. In a microkernel operating system, you can load and unload new drivers, file systems, etc. without interrupting its operation. The process of debugging kernel components is greatly simplified, since a new version drivers can be loaded without restarting the entire operating system. The components of the operating system kernel are not fundamentally different from user programs, so you can use the usual tools to debug them. At the same time, the microkernel architecture of the operating system introduces additional overhead associated with message passing, which significantly affects performance. In order for a microkernel operating system to be as fast as monolithic kernel operating systems, it is necessary to carefully design the partitioning of the system into components, trying to minimize the interaction between them. Thus, the main difficulty in creating microkernel operating systems is the need for very careful design.
Object Oriented Approach
Although micronucleus technology laid the foundations modular systems able to develop in a regular manner, it has not been able to fully ensure the expansion of systems. Currently, this goal is most consistent with an object-oriented approach, in which each software component is functionally isolated from others.
The main concept of this approach is "object". An object is a unit of programs and data that interacts with other objects by receiving and transmitting messages. An object can be a representation of some concrete things - an application program or a document, as well as some abstractions - a process, an event.
Programs (functions) of an object determine the list of actions that can be performed on the data of this object. A client object can access another object by sending a message requesting some function of the server object.
Objects can describe the entities they represent in varying degrees of detail. To ensure continuity in the transition to a more detailed description, developers are offered a mechanism for inheriting the properties of existing objects, that is, a mechanism that allows generating more specific objects from more general ones. For example, given a "text document" object, a developer can easily create a "text document" object in Word format 6.0" by adding the appropriate property to the base object. The inheritance mechanism allows you to create a hierarchy of objects, in which each lower-level object acquires all the properties of its ancestor.
The internal data structure of an object is hidden from view. You cannot arbitrarily change the data of an object. In order to get data from an object or put data into an object, you must call the corresponding object functions. This isolates the object from the code that uses it. The developer can access the functions of other objects, or build new objects by inheriting the properties of other objects, without knowing anything about how they are constructed. This property is called encapsulation.
Thus, the object appears to the outside world as a "black box" with a well-defined interface. From the point of view of the developer using the object, as long as the external response of the object remains unchanged, no change in the internal implementation matters. This makes it possible to easily replace one implementation of an object with another, for example, in the event of a change in hardware; however, the complex software environment in which the objects being replaced will not require any changes.
On the other hand, the ability of objects to appear as a "black box" allows existing applications to be packaged into them and represented as objects without changing anything in them.
Using an object-oriented approach is especially effective when creating actively developing software, for example, when developing applications designed to run on different hardware platforms.
Fully object-oriented operating systems are very attractive to system programmers because, using system-level objects, programmers can delve deep into operating systems to tailor them to their needs without violating the integrity of the system.
But this approach has especially great prospects in the implementation of distributed computing environments. While currently the different packages currently running on the network are statically linked sets of programs, in the future, using an object-oriented approach, they can turn into a single set of dynamically linked objects, where each object quickly sets and breaks communication with other objects to perform tasks that are relevant at the moment. Applications built for such an object-based network environment can execute by accessing multiple objects dynamically, regardless of their location on the network and regardless of their operating environment.
Since any object-oriented application is a set of objects, it is desirable for a developer to have standard tools for managing objects and organizing their interaction. When using and developing object-oriented applications in heterogeneous distributed environments, you also need tools that simplify access to network objects. When a request is made to any object in a distributed environment, regardless of whether the required object is located on the same computer or on one of the remote ones, the object must be searched transparently, a message is sent to it, and a response is returned. To ensure transparent discovery of objects, all of them must be provided with links stored in directories. This leads to the very difficult problem of organizing a directory service that allows programmers to name and search for objects in a network that, in general, can be scattered all over the world.
However, despite the difficulties and problems mentioned, the object-oriented approach is one of the most promising trends in software design.
OLE Tools
For Windows users, an object-oriented approach manifests itself when working with programs that use Microsoft's OLE technology. In the first version of OLE, which debuted in Windows 3.1, users could insert objects into client documents. Such objects established a link to data (in the case of binding) or contained data (in the case of embedding) in a format recognized by the server program. To launch the server program, users double-clicked on an object, whereby they passed the data to the server for editing. OLE 2.0, currently available as a Windows 3.1 extension, redefines the client document as a container. When the user double-clicks on an OLE 2.0 object inserted in a container document, it is activated in the same location. Imagine, for example, that the container is a document Microsoft Word 6.0, and the inserted object is a set of cells in excel format 5.0. When you double-click on a spreadsheet object, Word menus and controls magically change to Excel menus. As a result, as long as the spreadsheet object has focus, the word processor becomes a spreadsheet.
The infrastructure required to support such complex object interactions is so extensive that Microsoft calls OLE 2.0 "1/3 of the operating system." Object storage, for example, uses a docfile, which is really a miniature file system contained within a normal MS-DOS file. Docfile has its own internal mechanisms for subdirectory, lock, and transaction (i.e., commit-revert) semantics.
The most notable shortcoming of OLE is the lack of network support, and this will be of the highest priority in the development of future versions of OLE. The next major iteration of OLE will appear in a distributed, object version of Windows called Cairo, expected in 1995.
Principles of organization of the operating system.
The concept of the Windows operating system.
Operating system (OS) is the main program of the PC. It allows you to run programs, organizes their work, allocates memory between them, organizes disk access, allows us to work with a printer, keyboard, mouse ...
OS of personal PCs are divided into multitasking ( Windows, OS/2, Mac OS, Unix, etc. ) and single-tasking (MS-DOS, DR-DOS, etc.).
Single-tasking is yesterday computer technology. They can run exactly one program at a time.
Multitasking, on the other hand, allows you to work with several programs in parallel - the number of these programs depends only on the power of the system, as long as there is enough memory, you can run programs again and again ...
Most common multitasking OS Microsoft Windows. Other operating systems for PCs include the increasingly popular Linux OS (Linux) from the Unix family, as well as BeOS (Bios) and OS / 2 systems from IBM. On a Macintosh PC - use the MacOS system.
Usually the OS is stored on the hard drive. System disk - This is a disk where the main modules of the operating system and service programs that expand its capabilities are stored. When the computer is turned on, the OS automatically loads its programs from system disk V RAM and gives them control.
Microsoft Windows is a multitasking 32-bit network operating system with a graphical interface and advanced system capabilities. Two families of Windows OS have been developed.
Windows 95/98/Me is a powerful desktop OS optimized for multimedia applications.
Windows NT/2000 is a powerful universal network operating system for business computing. It exists in two main versions:
All OS families Microsoft Windows have the following general properties:
In addition, Windows NT/2000 has additional features:
2.1.1 Windows performs the following main functions:
Convenient, visual GUI user.
· Multitasking, i.e. running multiple programs at the same time.
· Unification of the use of computer hardware resources.
2.1.2 Windows Features 7:
Components user interface Windows 7 are windows with controls, the taskbar and the context menu, and the main input devices are the mouse, keyboard, joystick (if the computer uses a touch screen, then the input is the display, which converts pressing or touching the screen into a command) .
Windows 7 is fully introduced for the first time multi-sensor technology.
When you start Windows 7, the desktop appears on the screen. Desktop is the main window graphic environment user (graphical user interface). By default, in the Windows 7 configuration, the desktop displays background image and only one icon (Trash).
If necessary, icons and shortcuts of programs, folders and files, as well as gadgets (mini-applications that are distributed free of charge, for example, gadgets Windows Media Center or for weather forecast), In Windows 7, gadgets can be placed anywhere on the desktop.
During operation, the desktop displays running programs And open folders, which cover the background image of the table with icons and gadgets.
To change the desktop interface, themes are used, which include the desktop background, window color, sounds, and screensaver. The Windows 7 operating system offers the following themes: basic (simplified and classic), contrast, and Aero.
To enable a theme, click right click mice on the desktop context menu select Personalize. So Windows 7 has the ability to customize your desktop with new themes, slide shows, and gadgets.
On Windows 7, you can do quick search(Windows Search) more documents, videos, pictures and music. When you enter the required query in the "Search programs and files" search box on the Start menu, a list of matching documents found on your computer will immediately be displayed.
One of the main purposes of the taskbar is to switch between open applications. The taskbar consists of the following components: the Start button, the application icon area, combined with the panel quick start, notification area, a minimize all windows button that is used to both minimize windows and preview the desktop using the AeroPeek effect.
Figure 12 Windows 7 operating system taskbar
AeroPeek feature in Windows 7 like x-rays, which allows you to shine through the contents of all open windows on the desktop. The AeroPeek feature allows you to temporarily view the desktop (view the background image, icons, and gadgets on the desktop) below all open application windows when you hover over the Minimize All Windows button located on the right side of the taskbar.
When you click on the button with the left mouse button, the windows are minimized. When you click again, the windows expand. To enable AeroPeek, in the Taskbar and Start Menu Properties dialog box, select the Use AeroPeek to preview the desktop check box.
Pinning apps on the taskbar. Application icons are displayed on the taskbar by default Internet Explorer, Windows Media Player and File Explorer. When you start other applications, the corresponding icons on the taskbar also appear, and when you close them, the icons disappear. To quickly launch applications, you can pin them to the taskbar. To do this, right-click the application icon from the desktop to the taskbar.
View thumbnails of open application windows. When selecting the "Always group, hide labels" mode in the dialog box Properties the taskbar and start menu on the taskbar will group open windows. If you place the mouse pointer over a minimized program icon while the Aero theme is enabled, a group of miniature windows (thumbnails) of previewing application windows will be displayed.
Jump Lists- This new feature in Windows 7. Right-clicking on the icon in the taskbar will open the jump list. Each application has its own jump list. This feature allows you to quickly jump to frequently used documents or recent files.
notification area. The default notification area displays icons: Show hidden icons, Network, Speakers, Action Center, Power (laptop only), and clock.
To work with windows in Windows 7, there are functions called AeroShake And AeroSnap.
Aeroshake function. The AeroShake function allows you to minimize all open windows, except for the window that is being shaken by the mouse. To do this, you need to position the mouse pointer on the title bar of the application window and, while holding left button mouse, quickly move the mouse to the left - right or up - down, i.e. shake her. When you shake the mouse again, all minimized windows return to their original position.
AeroSnap feature. The Snap function provides quick resizing of open windows by dragging them to the screen borders. If you place the mouse pointer on the title bar of the application window and, while holding down the left mouse button, drag the window to the left or right edge of the screen, then it will occupy exactly half of the user's desktop. To maximize a window, you must drag it with the mouse by the title bar up the screen, when the mouse cursor reaches the top side of the screen, the window will expand.
2.2 Programs and services built into Windows XP/7:
Table 35 Programs and services built into Windows XP/7
Principles of organization of the operating system.
The concept of the Windows operating system.
Operating system (OS) is the main program of the PC. It allows you to run programs, organizes their work, allocates memory between them, organizes disk access, allows us to work with a printer, keyboard, mouse ...
OS of personal PCs are divided into multitasking ( Windows, OS/2, Mac OS, Unix, etc. ) and single-tasking (MS-DOS, DR-DOS, etc.).
Single-tasking is yesterday's day of computer technology. They can run exactly one program at a time.
Multitasking, on the other hand, allows you to work with several programs in parallel - the number of these programs depends only on the power of the system, as long as there is enough memory, you can run programs again and again ...
The most common multitasking operating system is Microsoft Windows. Other operating systems for PCs include the increasingly popular Linux OS (Linux) from the Unix family, as well as BeOS (Bios) and OS / 2 systems from IBM. On a Macintosh PC - use the MacOS system.
Usually the OS is stored on the hard drive. System disk - This is a disk where the main modules of the operating system and service programs that expand its capabilities are stored. When you turn on the computer, the OS automatically loads its programs from the system disk into RAM and transfers control to them.
Microsoft Windows is a multitasking 32-bit network operating system with a graphical interface and advanced system capabilities. Two families of Windows OS have been developed.
Windows 95/98/Me is a powerful desktop OS optimized for multimedia applications.
Windows NT/2000 is a powerful universal network operating system for business computing. It exists in two main versions:
All OS families Microsoft Windows have the following general properties:
In addition, Windows NT/2000 has additional features:
