For a long time creation/editing tools were hard to reach for webmasters, bloggers and content marketers. Firstly, special software was often expensive, and secondly, it was too complicated for ordinary users (not designers). Now the situation is better - you can find different ones in the public domain, not much inferior to the original. Let's talk about one of them today - this is a program Vector .
Use this free vector editor on a PC or browser to create vector and other graphics. This is a truly cross-platform and easy-to-use software: you can use applications for Mac, Windows, Linux or Chromebook; by registering online, in a few minutes you will begin to realize your design ideas.
Vectr is handy tool and is widely used for annotating, editing images, and drawing mockups and diagrams. In addition, it can be used for:
The program allows you to create scalable vector drawings using simple, understandable functions. It is not difficult to learn, perfect for those who are just starting to get acquainted with the vector and who have enough basic capabilities to work with illustrations. In fact, it is somewhat reminiscent of a slightly stripped down and simplified version of Adobe Illustrator.
When you begin to delve into the features of this software, the first thing you will come across is a whole set of interactive tutorials. With Vectr tutorials, you'll learn how to create and edit paths, rotate and scale objects, use tools in the workspace, and manage layers. They are located in the "User Guide" and "Tutorials" sections. There are many video guides on their Youtube channel.
To get started, simply upload or drag an image into the Vectr. You can import EPS, AI, SVG, PNG, or JPEG files, making it much easier to migrate from other (paid) alternatives like Illustrator.
The interface is carefully thought out and conveniently organized, so beginners will not have difficulties due to unnecessary functions. The page and layer tabs in the upper left corner give you control over the process of creating projects. The filter panel is located on the right side of the interface. You can make your illustrations even more interesting, for example, by changing the angle, adding shadows, borders or a blur effect.
Upon completion of the design, the program allows you to export your developments to PNG, JPEG or SVG. A quick note: SVG is the only scalable vector format that can be opened in other applications, while PNG and JPEG bitmaps are more suitable for the web.
It's very cool that a lot is dedicated to beginners useful information And practical advice in the learning section. The Vectr free vector editor team provides step-by-step instructions for solving the most popular design tasks: creating icons, logos, typography, menus, collages, infographics and much more. Look for all texts in the "Tutorials" section. We advise you to start with an article that describes the first 10 steps in Vectr.
As conclusions, we collected all the positive chips that he possesses:
All this makes Vectr one of the best free vector editors, containing the minimum necessary for comfortable and efficient work. I was pleased with the presence of many useful guides for the program, which even novice users can figure out. If you wish, you can take a free online course on Vectr (somewhere around 45 minutes of video). Download the software to your computer or try it online, The best way learn to practice.
Have you come across Vectr before? What other software do you know on the topic and advise?
Computer graphics is a very broad concept. At the mention of this term, someone will think of 3D masterpieces from Pixar and Dreamworks studios, others will think of digital photography, still others will decide that we are talking about the design computer games. But there are also sure to be a lot of those who will associate this phrase with vector graphics. Despite the extraordinary popularity of vector graphics, many users are completely unfamiliar with the feature of vector drawings. What lies behind the words "vector graphics" and why is it so in demand?
An ordinary raster drawing is an array of dots. This array can be rendered with maximum or approximate precision. In the first case, bitmap information is transmitted without loss, but takes up a lot of memory. In the second case, the graphic image can be transmitted with conditional accuracy. This suggests a direct analogy with the sound, which is compressed "without perceptible loss" in the MP3 format. For graphics, a similar format is JPG. With a moderate and not very high degree of compression, the initial array of points is quite guessable. Algorithms for rendering raster graphics may differ, but their essence is the same - the picture has a rigid binding to the pixel matrix.
A completely different approach is used to render a vector image. Each vector drawing is created using geometric shapes and curves. The use of mathematics when describing a drawing gives a huge advantage: when scaling vector elements, the original image does not lose any quality. A raster drawing, on the other hand, behaves differently when resized - the lines of objects in the image become overgrown with a noticeable “comb” when enlarged. These artifacts are present on the image from the very beginning, since a raster drawing a priori cannot contain continuous elements - lines, geometric shapes, and so on. All this in a raster looks like a matrix of pixels, which is the more noticeable, the more the raster image is enlarged.
Not without flaws and vector formats. The need to use simple elements to build a picture often becomes a serious obstacle to the interpretation of a complex picture. For example, it is extremely difficult to convert an ordinary landscape image into a vector format, since there are a lot of objects on it and their geometry is very complex.
In industrial printing, vector formats look equally good when printing images of any size - large and small. Raster images, when enlarged, not only turn into a mosaic, but may also contain compression artifacts. In addition, vector formats are convenient to use in programming, since they are easily described by mathematical expressions.
Professional designers use years of proven tools to create vector graphics, such as Adobe Illustrator and CorelDraw. But for a hobbyist who needs to quickly create a T-shirt logo or technical illustration, there is no need to resort to such cumbersome and expensive applications. You can get by with free, and sometimes even online tools. With their help, you can convert a raster image into a vector image, sketch a simple design, generate a guilloche pattern, and so on.
The most famous, simple, and affordable online vector editor is Drawings on Google Drive. This web application is part of Google's online office and is more focused on joint work and adding graphic elements to other types of office documents than to create vector graphics. However, there are still some basic tools for working with it.
With the Drawings web application, you can create various shapes, arrows, callouts, formula graphics, add straight lines, curves, polylines, arrows, and scribbles. It is also available to add text elements, import bitmaps. Vector drawings can be imported, but not edited (view only).
When it comes to complex vector drawings, sometimes it's easier not to create them from scratch, but to vectorize a bitmap, that is, convert it to a vector format. This process is also called tracing.
Almost any vector editor has the appropriate tools, but vectorization can be made even easier with online tools. You can find more than one web service that offers similar services. For example, the free Autotracer resource is very handy. It can be used to convert PNG files, BMP, JPEG and GIF to vector format and save to SVG, EPS, PDF, DXF format.
The service is completely free, but there is one limitation: the size of the source file should not exceed one megabyte. Before conversion, you can set some settings: determine the number of colors that will be left on the bitmap image before vectorization, as well as get rid of noise, specify in which cases the lines will be taken as curves. The process itself is very fast, so if the quality of the final drawing is not suitable, you can always experiment with the settings and try again.
Vector Paint is a web application for Google Chrome, created in HTML5, but it can work without a browser. It belongs to a new generation of applications presented at the beginning of September this year. You can run such applications directly from the desktop - an open browser, as well as access to the Internet, are not needed to use them.
Vector Paint contains enough large collection various preset shapes that can be used in projects: there are clocks, clouds, arrows, animals, notes, and much more. Forms can also be created manually using straight and broken lines, a tool for drawing arbitrary shapes, a rectangle, an ellipse. For each element, it is possible to choose a color, thickness and type of stroke, as well as a fill color, make it partially transparent, add one of the many effects (distortions, shadows, textures, pseudo-3D, etc.). There are also tools for managing elements in the project: they can be moved to the front or moved back. For a more accurate arrangement of elements, there are numerous alignment tools, you can also turn on the display of the ruler.
By default, work is carried out on one layer, but if necessary, you can add the ability to work with multiple layers. This feature is implemented as an add-on. To install it, you do not need to download anything, just select the plugin in the menu of the same name. Working with layers includes the possibility of merging selected layers, hiding some of them, transferring selected elements to a separate layer.
Vector Paint also provides other add-ons that can be easily added to the application. These are advanced features for working with text (additional fonts, spacing settings, individual elements of inscriptions), adding markers, using images to create repeating patterns on forms. The Plugins menu also includes additional stroke and fill options.
Finished projects are saved in SVG format, and can also be exported to PNG and JPEG.
SVG-Edit is a JavaScript-based vector editor that can run on any browser. It can be used as an online service (in this case, a demo address is used for access), as well as a web application (in this case, you need to download the archive with SVG-Edit files, unzip it and run the application file in any browser).
SVG-Edit fully works with SVG files, making it possible to both save projects in this format and open such files and make changes to them. In addition, the SVG file can be imported into the project as a separate element.
Polylines, rectangles, squares, ellipses, circles, polygons, contours, text can be used to create vector graphics elements in SVG-Edit. It is possible to fill elements with color, as well as use gradients, including radial ones. It supports working with layers, showing a grid and displaying elements in the form of a wireframe. There are tools for changing the arrangement of elements (above, below), for quick cloning of selected vector shapes, for grouping them. Many commands are available from context menu(as in regular desktop editors). A lot of attention has been paid to the tools for aligning on the canvas: you can align elements in relation to the selected objects, to the largest or smallest object.
The program has a large library of ready-made shapes (the same one used in Vector Paint), but, in addition, access to the huge free library of vector graphics elements IAN Image Library is implemented. Registration is required to work with it, but then you can view collections of vector graphics samples directly from the editor and immediately add them to the current or new project.
Chittram is another vector editor that can work as a web application. Unlike SVG-Edit, it is implemented as a full-fledged online service with the ability to save projects on the server. You use your Google account to view and edit previously created projects.
Chittram's capabilities are more modest than those of SVG-Edit, but this editor will certainly seem more friendly to novice users. The application has the ability to use a bitmap image as a background, but you cannot select a picture from your hard drive - you can only specify a link to the file. There is no import of local vector images either, but you can add files from the web service user gallery to the project and edit them. The site implements a search in the gallery by keywords, as well as by tags.
To create your own projects, you can use the standard set of tools: straight lines, curves, bezier curves, polygons, circles, ovals, rectangles and squares. Text creation is also available. For each element, it is possible to set the stroke size, fill color, color and direction of the gradient, transparency percentage. For more accurate drawing, you can use the grid, for which the size of the cell is adjusted. You can also control the size of the canvas and its orientation.
If your project uses multiple forms, it is convenient to display a panel that lists all the elements. It is used to rename and quickly select objects. The same panel is used to work with layers.
The vector editor Inkscape has a lot of advantages. Firstly, it is cross-platform (it can run on Windows, Linux, Mac). Secondly, it supports a large number of popular vector formats, including SVG, SVGZ, EMF, DXF, EPS, PostScript, WMF, and others.
The editor also has tools for creating graphics that are standard for any vector editor: shapes, curves, text, fill, full support for layers. Inkscape gives you the ability to perform various actions with paths, stroke, and also apply Boolean operations (combine, intersect elements, exclude one from the other, and so on). The user has a large library of filters and a special editor with which you can create your own effects. The program provides support graphics tablets, allowing you to manually draw with the tilt and pressure of the pen.
It is worth paying attention to the built-in tools for vectorization of raster images. In order to take into account important objects in the foreground when tracing photos, the SIOX (Simple Interactive Object Extraction) algorithm is used to help identify such objects automatically.
Any banknotes, as well as documents of national importance (diplomas, certificates, certificates, and so on) are easy to recognize at a glance. This "recognizability" of the design of the document is given by subtle repeating patterns that run throughout the main drawing. Such lines are called guilloche.
Guilloches can be drawn by hand in a vector editor, but without special additions and skills in creating such patterns, this process can be delayed. The free ZebraTRACE utility helps with these tasks.
This program traces images and combines them with a guilloche pattern. ZebraTRACE uses parametric guilloche generation. Each type of pattern that can be created with the app is defined by a mathematical formula. So if there is a desire and free time for experiments, the user can get unique drawings.
Creating new guilloches is very easy. Try making minor changes to the pattern generation formula, such as changing the coefficient value from 2 to 3, and the pattern will change. For those who don't want to get creative with ZebraTRACE, the program includes a dozen and a half presets with formulas that allow you to get the most common guilloches.
Free vector graphics tools aren't as common as you'd like, but they do exist. It is also good that with the development of the HTML5 standard and other web technologies, it has become possible to use the browser as a vector graphics editor - previously one could only dream of this. For simple projects, such tools save a lot of time, and if you use Inkscape, you can generally refuse to purchase a vector editor for design needs.
The most advanced graphics editors like Adobe's tools cost a lot of money. But there are free and quite worthy alternatives, the possibilities of which will be enough for most. Creative Bloq, a photographers and design publication, has chosen The best free graphic design software the best among similar programs and services.
Designed for creating and editing logos, interfaces and other scalable graphics.
Gravit Designer - formerly known as Gravit - is a full featured vector editor. It is suitable for any task: from interface design and icons to work with presentations, illustrations and animations.
Gravit Designer's clean, intuitive interface is customizable. The editor contains a lot of tools for creating beautifully detailed vector images. Among them are non-destructive (their action can be canceled) functions for working with boolean operations, the Knife and Path Graph tools, plus many fill and blend modes, as well as a powerful text engine.
If you need to access work on the go, cloud service Gravit Cloud will allow you to return to the project on any device.
Vectr offers all the features you need to create vector graphics, plus many options for using filters, shadows, and . This is enough to handle most everyday design tasks. Particularly useful are the co-editing and synchronization capabilities, which allow you to work in tandem with other people anytime, anywhere.
If you need to quickly create or edit a simple SVG file, there are several that will do the job just as well as Adobe Illustrator. Among the best of them is SVG-Edit.
This editor is entirely built on HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript and does not use servers for data processing. The SVG-Edit code is open. Therefore, if you wish, you can download it and modify it to create your own version of the editor.
SVG-Edit has all the basic tools of a vector editor. But it only supports SVG format.
This powerful editor offers many tools and features that are often not available in other similar programs. Among them are alpha blending, object cloning and markers.
Full support for various color models makes Inkscape a worthy Adobe Illustrator for both web and print design. Despite the simplicity of the interface in this program, you can create incredibly complex work.
Features such as bitmap-to-vector conversion, variable-width stroke creation, and support for Illustrator files deserve special attention.
Designed for creating and editing any non-scalable drawings and photographs.
Free graphics editor open source code. GIMP comes with a rich set of features for painting, color grading, cloning, selection, enhancement, and more. The GIMP interface differs from the most popular Photoshop, but you won’t have to look for the right tools for a long time.
The GIMP team has taken care of compatibility so that you can work with all popular image formats without any problems. In addition, GIMP has built-in file manager, similar to Bridge from programs from Adobe.
If you're on Windows and don't need as many tools as GIMP, Photo Pos Pro might be your ideal editor. The latter was created with an eye on image editing and does a great job with typical tasks like adjusting contrast, lighting, and saturation. But Photo Pos Pro is also suitable for more complex manipulations.
This program boasts a very friendly interface and detailed help that helps beginners to understand. If you want to make Photo Pos Pro even more functional, there are many extensions and plugins at your service.
Another open source editor. Krita has been around since 1999 and is constantly evolving to meet the needs of concept artists, illustrators, visual effects, rendering and textures.
The program includes a set of various brushes and supports many plugins: from advanced filters to auxiliary tools for working with perspective.
Some of the most interesting features include brush stabilizers that smooth out lines, a looping mode for creating seamless patterns and textures, and a pop-up palette for quick select colors.
Pixlr offers over 600 effects, overlays and frames. With this service, you can do everything you would expect from : resize images, crop them, remove red-eye, whiten teeth, and much more.
If you're familiar with Photoshop, you'll get up to speed on the web version of Pixlr very quickly. The interfaces of these editors are very similar.
Paint.NET is an alternative to the Paint program built into all versions of Windows. But don't let the similarity of names fool you: Paint.NET is a much more advanced and useful editor.
The development team focuses on ease of use and improves Paint.NET's photo editing features rather than graphics design capabilities. However, Paint.NET allows you to control perspective, manipulate pixels on the canvas, clone selections, and so on.
With support for layers, a wide selection of selection tools, and settings like brightness/contrast and curves, Paint.NET can be thought of as worthy replacement Photoshop.
Sumo Paint works fast on the web and copes with tasks no worse than desktop editors. But you need Adobe to run it Flash Player. So Sumo Paint is not for iOS devices.
Sumo Paint's arsenal of settings and features includes pencils, brushes, text, gradients, cloning, shapes, and more. All this is always in view on a floating panel like the one you might see in .
Designed to work with 3D models, effects and animations.
SketchUp Free can be called the ideal entry point into the world of 3D graphics. This editor kindly brings the newbie up to date and forgives him for all the mistakes made. You can start by simply drawing lines and shapes and then turn them into 3D objects.
If you need inspiration, you can download models of various objects for free from the 3D Warehouse library through the search form on the SketchUp website.
With the help of Daz Studio, you can customize, move in space and various 3D objects like people, animals, objects.
You can create unique characters, worlds, various design elements and much more. But Daz Studio lacks the modeling and texturing capabilities available in paid alternatives. A detailed table with a comparison of editors can be found on the project website.
Hexagon is a free 3D modeling tool. It has everything you need to create detailed models ready for final rendering.
Among the tools and functions of the program you will find the ability to quickly import from Daz Studio, presets for various objects, brushes for manual modeling, UV-scan (applying flat textures to a three-dimensional object), advanced drawing tools and instant shading (instant ambient occlusion).
Daz Studio and Hexagon are created by the same developer and complement each other. Together they make up a complete free 3D graphics suite.
Blender is advanced free editor Open source 3D graphics available for all major platforms.
Developers are constantly developing Blender. It supports all possible operations with 3D graphics: allows you to model, texture, animate, render and compose.
If you're interested in the art of digital sculpting, try Pixologic's Sculptris. It suits equally well for any level of training. Beginners get a good starting tool, and already experienced digital artists get a platform for quick and easy implementation of ideas.
Sculptris is based on the same developer's ZBrush editor, the most popular digital sculpting application. When you're ready to take it to the next level, you can easily switch to ZBrush.
Houdini is a tool for working with 3D animation and visual effects, which is often used when working on films, TV shows and other media content.
The cost of the editor starts at $2,000. But the developers of the program - Side Effects Software - allow you to use the version of Houdini Apprentice for free. Thanks to it, you can access all the functions full version and hone your skills on personal projects. Only Houdini Apprentice is for non-commercial and educational purposes only.
The method of encoding information using a sequence of bytes is called a format. A graphic format is a way of recording graphic information. All graphic formats are divided into raster And vector.
Raster format characterized by the fact that the entire image is divided vertically and horizontally into fairly small rectangles - the so-called picture elements, or pixels (from the English pixel - picture element).
The process of dividing a color into its constituent components is called color model. In computer graphics, there are three color models: RGB, CMYK and HSB.
The most common color coding method is the RGB model. With this coding method, any color is represented as a combination of three colors: red (Red), green (Green) and blue (Blue), taken with different intensities. The intensity of each of the three colors is one byte (i.e. a number between 0 and 255).
IN vector format the drawing is presented as a combination of simple geometric shapes - points, line segments and curves, circles, rectangles, etc. At the same time, for complete description drawing, you need to know the type and base coordinates of each figure, for example, the coordinates of the two ends of the segment, the coordinates of the center and the diameter of the circle, etc.
This coding method is ideal for drawings that are easy to represent as a combination of simple shapes, such as technical drawings. At vector graphics many merits. She is economical disk space, necessary for storing images: this is due to the fact that not the image itself is saved, but only some basic data, using which the program recreates the image every time.
In addition, the description of color characteristics almost does not increase the file size. Vector graphics objects are easily transformed and modified, which has almost no effect on image quality. Scale, rotate, warp can be reduced to elementary transformations over vectors.
Graphic editors designed to work with raster images are called raster editors. The most common editors are Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Paint included with Windows.
Designed for working with vector images vector editors. Among them are Corel Draw, Adobe Illustrator, 3-D Max and others.
Formats graphic files
| Graphic formats | Format name | Description | Compression algorithm | Usage | Programs that can open files. |
| Raster | BMP - Windows Bitmap | A standard graphic file format used by Windows. High quality transmission. Large file size | Recommended for storing and sharing data with other applications. | Paint, CorelDraw, Adobe Photoshop, ACDSee Photo Manager, Microsoft Windows Photo Gallery Viewer | |
| GIF - Graphic Interchange Format | An image interchange format supported by applications for various operating systems. | Includes a lossless compression algorithm that allows you to reduce the file size by several times. | Used to place graphics and animations on Web pages on the Internet. | Paint, CorelDraw, Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Windows Photo Gallery Viewer, web browser. | |
| TIFF – Tagged Image File Format | Graphics files, supported by all major graphics editors and computer platforms. | Includes a lossless compression algorithm. | Used to exchange documents between different programs. Recommended for use when working with publishing systems. | ||
| JPEG - Joint Photographic Expert Group | The format is supported by applications for various operating systems. | An effective compression algorithm reduces the file size by dozens of times, but leads to the irreversible loss of some information. | Used for placing graphics on Web pages on the Internet, for scanned photographs and illustrations | CorelDraw, Adobe Photoshop, ACDSee Photo Manager Microsoft Windows Photo Gallery Viewer, web browser. | |
| Vector | WMF-Windows MetaFile | Universal vector graphics file format for Windows applications. | Used to store a collection of Microsoft Clip Gallery graphics. This format is converted to vector images when transferred via Clipboard Clipboard | For editing this format there is no special application. Understandable by almost all Windows programs | |
| SVG - Scalable Vector Graphics | Scalable Vector Graphics Format | Designed to describe two-dimensional vector and mixed vector/raster graphics in XML format. Supports both still, animated and interactive graphics. | Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, Corel Draw, WebDraw, Inkscape | ||
| CDR - CorelDRaw files . | Original vector graphics file format | used in the vector graphics processing system CorelDraw | CorelDraw | ||
| Mixed | EPS - Encapsulated PostScript | Mixed format of vector graphics files, supported by programs for various operating systems. | Recommended for print and illustration for desktop publishing | Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw, Inkscape, ACDSee Photo Manager. | |
| PDF-Portable Document Format | Universal format of electronic documents. | Supports RGB, CMYK, Grayscale, Lab, Duotone, Bitmap, several types of raster information compression. | Allows you to keep accurate appearance- fonts, formatting, colors, pictures. Most wide application format received in the production of printing products. | Adobe Acrobat reader |
TEST QUESTIONS FOR TOPIC 15
1. Images of which graphics have high accuracy in the reproduction of colors and halftones:
2. The image of which graphics consists of elements similar to each other:
3. Images of which graphics can be split into separate elements for editing:
4. Images of which graphics consist of dots (pixels):
5. Images of what kind of graphics, when increasing or decreasing the size of the picture, it loses image quality:
6. A type of graphics that studies the techniques and methods for creating three-dimensional models of objects.
7. Which graphics files are large:
8. Which graphic would you classify the following image as:
9. Choose a definition of computer graphics
A. The field of computer science that studies the methods, tools for creating and processing images using software and hardware computing systems.
B. The field of computer science that studies the methods, means of creating and processing text documents with the help of hardware-software computing systems.
C. The field of computer science that studies methods, tools for creating and processing spreadsheets using software and hardware computing systems.
D. The field of computer science that studies methods, tools for creating and processing large amounts of data using software and hardware computing systems.
10. A fractal is...
A. Structure consisting of separate parts. The main element in creating an image is a line.
B. Minimum image area, whose color is set independently.
C. A structure made up of various parts.
D. A structure made up of parts like a whole. Its main property is self-similarity.
Lists of questions for preparation for the II boundary control
46. Graphic editors.
47. Database management system.
48. Database structures
49. Functionality of the DBMS.
1.1. Materials for classroom and extracurricular work
In the disciplines of the Department of Humanities and Natural Sciences, materials for classroom work are developed taking into account the fact that all classes in the credit system are conducted using traditional and interactive forms of education. They should regulate the conduct of different types of classes and the performance of rating tasks in the discipline.
Short Course(abstracts) of lectures include materials of the curriculum (syllabus), containing the optimal amount of necessary information, providing both an understanding of the disciplines in general and an idea of the objects being studied. The content of the lecture course should reflect modern scientific achievements and prospects for the development of science.
When developing guidelines on the implementation of seminars (practical) classes, laboratory, various kinds of handouts on the disciplines of the department take into account that the materials of practical and seminar classes are aimed at repeating and consolidating the material of the lecture course, as well as at acquiring additional knowledge in the sections of the discipline that were not included in the consideration of the lecture course.
Independent work of a student according to the credit system is divided into two types: (SIW) - classroom work of a student under the guidance of a teacher, indicated in the schedule and included in the teaching load of a teacher and SWS - independent work of a student, i.e. extracurricular work of a student in a library, Internet class, etc. Independent work is an important factor in improving the quality of education, affecting the depth and strength of the knowledge, skills and competencies acquired by students. It contributes to the development in students of the need for self-education and self-development.
Materials for independent work of students include questions that make up the content of the state component of the model curriculum, recommended for independent consideration by students. Questions for independent work (TSIS) (STS) should complement and deepen the content of the course being studied. Tasks should include the main questions of the topics submitted for self-study by students, indicating the forms and timing of the control.
The calculation of the number of tasks should be carried out in accordance with the developed standards for calculating teaching hours of the teaching staff on credit technology, approved by the Academic Council of the university, and also take into account the number of loans allocated for the study of the discipline.
1.2. Materials for knowledge control
Materials for the control of students' knowledge are developed in accordance with the uniform principles and rules of knowledge control. Tasks for ongoing monitoring carried out as part of practical exercises and SIWT may include oral and written questions, test tasks, etc.
The examination material (oral questions, tests) must correspond to the standard and working programs by discipline and reflect its main content, including the material of the tasks of the SIW. Exam materials are developed by the lecturer, discussed and approved by the decision of the department.
The TMC includes a list of references (main and additional), reflecting the range of questions necessary for the student to prepare and pass the current and final forms of knowledge control, as well as to complete the tasks of the SIW. The list of literature recommended for all types of students' work contains the necessary optimal number of titles, which provides a complete coverage of the content of the discipline at the modern scientific and methodological levels.
In credit technology, interactive learning is of particular importance. In the classroom hour, regardless of whether it is a lecture or a seminar, SIWT should be used along with traditional methods and interactive forms of conducting classes. Interactive learning develops students' abilities:
Form your own opinion and express it;
· Respect other people's opinions;
· Carefully study the training material;
Develop a creative approach to the implementation of the material;
· Speak in front of a large audience and argue your point of view;
Analyze the received information;
· To develop skills of independent and fruitful work; Be able to show your individuality;
Enrich life experience by staging various situations.
Overview of interactive forms and teaching methods
Debate is an oral exchange of students' opinions in order to find the right answers and conclusions.
Discussion (discussion) - an exchange of opinions between students on the topic being studied. The participation of students in the discussion is the key to mastering and retaining knowledge in memory. The discussion is effective method involve students in the learning process.
Role play is a multifaceted way of learning that ensures active participation, involvement, experimentation and discovery in the learning process.
"Aquarium" - a way to study the behavior of a group by dividing into teams. One of the teams discusses or solves the problem, while the other team investigates and records the process itself. The results are discussed before fixed rules are derived.
Group briefing - the teacher gives key facts or "highlights of the topic", on the basis of which questions and answers are further formed for the lesson.
Group discussion - after the lecture, the audience is divided into groups for discussion and exchange of opinions, views, questions and conclusions through group leaders with the entire audience.
Case - method is an educational method that helps students think effectively. The group is presented with factual information based on the real situation, is invited to discuss the problems, analyze the situation and make recommendations. Cases can be expressed in many ways. They can be long and fully describe the situation, or they can be short and ornate, in any case, their purpose remains the same - to serve as a reason for students to come to some conclusions based on the facts presented.
Presentation- a teaching method in which the student can choose any topic for his presentation and express his understanding or lack of understanding of any aspect of the problem under consideration. Presentation time - 8-10 minutes. The presentation is evaluated according to the following criteria: how fully the topic is disclosed, whether this problem aroused the interest of others, how professionally the student approached the problem under consideration.
Handling a Critical Situation- the critical situation method is one of the forms of the research method. The method is aimed at modeling a more realistic situation, when a group of students is provided with basic information on a critical situation and then given the opportunity to independently ask questions and demand information that they consider necessary. The method is effectively used when it is necessary to define a problem.
Error detection method- students receive homework to preliminarily familiarize themselves with the content of the upcoming lecture. The teacher works through the educational material, making changes, erroneous data. In the process of reading lectures by the teacher, students should find errors. This method allows students to develop critical listening skills, to concentrate their attention throughout the lesson.
"Brainstorm"- the simplest and effective method interactive learning that develops creative thinking, teaches the skills of identifying problems, building a team. It is a way for the group to concentrate the most creative ideas, and the participants suggest ways to further implement them.
"Round Table Method"- a quick verbal check that allows everyone to say something, for example, "I learned three things today", "I learned about the subject ...", etc.
Quiet reflection - usually with written comments, possibly with questions on the board or on paper.
Group reflection - ask small groups to review the topic covered and share with everyone else.
Reflective interviews - open or with questions and structure set out by the trainer, in pairs.
Drafting a letter method aimed at assimilation of certain material, where keyword and from him a letter is drawn up in the form of a scheme, which reveals the essence of the selected keyword.
o Formulating a concept, writing a short essay - 1 - 1.5 pages.
o Topic review - write a short literature review (essay) on a recommended topic, drawing on additional material from the press and information resources Internet.
o Writing a glossary - a brief explanation of terms and concepts on a given topic, you can use a crossword puzzle.
o Presentation - the choice by the student of a specific topic for presentation and the expression of his vision, understanding or misunderstanding of any aspect considered in the presentation. Presentation time - 8-10 minutes, the presentation is evaluated according to the criterion of the degree of disclosure of the topic, the degree of interest caused by the audience, and professionalism.
o Business game - role-playing or team game, developing skills and abilities for future professional activity.
o Group project - there should be no more than 4-5 people in the group, each group develops its own project, defends it.
Review traditional methods
applied by the department of humanitarian and natural disciplines
Essay represents summary in writing or in the form of a public report on the content of scientific work or works of specialists on a chosen topic, a review of the literature of a certain direction. Such a review should give the reader an idea of the current state of knowledge of one or another scientific problem, including a comparison of experts' points of view, and be accompanied by their own assessment of their reliability and persuasiveness.
The task of the abstract is to summarize what others have achieved, to independently present the problem on the basis of facts gleaned from the literature.
As can be seen from the foregoing, the abstract is not a simple retelling of what has been read, but a serious work that requires a fairly thorough preparedness of the author. Recall that along with the main task of getting acquainted with the works of scientists, the abstract sets no less important educational and methodological goals inherent in scientific work. This is a deliberate choice of topic, bibliographic search, selection and analysis of facts, provisions and conclusions contained in the scientific literature, their grouping, a logical presentation in accordance with the plan and the author's own assessment of the abstract, compiling a reference apparatus (footnotes and a list of used literature) and designing all text. Working on an essay, the student gets the opportunity to acquire the skills of analyzing scientific literature, master the methodology of scientific research and the basics of preparing a written work. Writing an essay on a chosen scientific topic, of course, contributes to a deeper acquaintance with the materials related to the corresponding historical period, contributes to the mastery of a number of useful skills, in particular, the ability to work independently with a book, helps to identify interest and determine the range of possible further scientific studies.
The volume of the abstract is 20-30 pages.
Abstract– systematic, logically related recording of content readable material, which combines a plan, extracts, abstracts, or at least two of these types of records.
Unlike extracts and abstracts, the abstract reveals the content in the sequence of presentation in which it is offered in the readable source.
The most important and essential information is selected for compiling a summary.
The main provisions are highlighted, important words, combinations are underlined. Each new thought starts on a new line. The abstract should indicate the name of the author, the name of the source, place, time of publication, pages.
Working with primary sources:
Separate one thought from another, write them down in the form of theses;
Write down a few basic categories and concepts, broadly
Used in pedagogy, find out which ones are used in other sciences;
When finished, write down all the source data.
The concept of vector images says absolutely nothing to the vast majority of ordinary PC users. Designers, in turn, are increasingly inclined to use this type of graphics for their projects.
Previously, to work with SVG images, you would definitely have to install one of the specialized desktop solutions like Adobe Illustrator or Inkscape on your computer. Now, these tools are available online, without the need to download.
By completing the corresponding query on Google, you can get acquainted with a huge number of all kinds of online vector editors. But the vast majority of such solutions offer rather meager opportunities and most often do not allow working with serious projects. We will consider best services to create and edit SVG images directly in the browser.
Of course, online tools cannot completely replace the corresponding desktop applications, but for most users, the proposed set of functions will be more than enough.
A well-thought-out vector editor from the creators of the well-known Pixlr service. This tool will be useful for both beginners and advanced users working with SVG.
Despite the abundance of functions, it will be quite difficult to get lost in the Vectr interface. For beginners, detailed lessons and voluminous instructions for each of the components of the service are provided. Among the editor's tools, there is everything for creating an SVG image: shapes, icons, frames, shadows, brushes, support for working with layers, etc. You can draw an image from scratch or upload your own.
The export capabilities also include one of the most distinctive features of Vectr - support for direct links to the SVG project in the editor. Many resources do not allow you to upload vector images directly to yourself, but nevertheless allow them to be displayed remotely. In this case, Vectr can be used as a real SVG hosting, which other services do not allow.
It should be noted that the editor does not always process complex graphics correctly. For this reason, some projects may open in Vectr with errors or visual artifacts.
A simple and user-friendly web editor for creating SVG images based on the HTML5 platform. Given the set of available tools, it can be argued that the service is designed exclusively for drawing. With Sketchpad, you can create beautiful, well-designed pictures, but nothing more.
The tool has a wide range of customizable brushes of various shapes and types, a set of shapes, fonts and overlay stickers. The editor allows you to fully manipulate layers - control their placement and blending modes. Well, as a bonus, the application is fully translated into Russian, so you should not have any difficulties with its development.
This web application is for basic operations with vector files. Outwardly, the tool resembles the desktop Adobe Illustrator, but in terms of functionality, everything is much simpler here. However, Method Draw also has some features.
In addition to working with SVG images, the editor allows you to import raster images and create vector images based on them. This can be done on the basis of manual tracing of contours with a pen. The app contains everything necessary tools for the layout of vector drawings. There is an expanded library of shapes, a full-color palette and support for keyboard shortcuts.
Method Draw is definitely not suitable for creating serious vector projects - the reason for this is the lack of appropriate functions. But due to the absence extra elements and a well-organized workspace, the service can be great for quick editing or fine-tuning simple SVG images.
Free web vector graphics editor for advanced users. Many designers put Gravit on a par with full-fledged desktop solutions, like Adobe Illustrator. The fact is that this tool is cross-platform, that is, it is fully available on all computer operating systems, as well as as a web application.
Gravit Designer is under active development and regularly receives new features that are already enough to lay out complex projects.
The editor offers you all sorts of tools for drawing paths, shapes, paths, text overlays, fills, and various customizable effects. There is an extensive library of shapes, thematic pictures and icons. Each element in Gravit space has a list of properties available for editing.
All this diversity is "packed" into a stylish and intuitive interface, so that any tool is available in just a couple of clicks.
Given that the service is designed for full-fledged work with vector graphics, it can be safely recommended even to professional designers. With Gravit, you can edit SVG images regardless of the platform you're on. So far, this statement is applicable only for desktop OS, but soon this editor will appear on mobile devices.
A popular tool for creating vector graphics among web developers. The service contains a number of drawing tools with highly customizable properties. main feature Janvas - the ability to create interactive SVG images animated with using CSS. And in conjunction with JavaScript, the service allows you to build entire web applications.
In skillful hands, this editor is a really powerful tool, while a beginner, due to the abundance of all kinds of functions, most likely simply will not understand what's what.
Yes, the tool is unfortunately not free. But this is a professional solution, which is not useful to everyone.
The most convenient online service that allows webmasters to create high-quality SVG elements for their sites as easily as possible. The editor contains an impressive library of shapes, icons, fills, gradients and fonts.
With DrawSVG, you can construct vector objects of any kind and properties, change their parameters and render them as separate pictures. It is possible to embed third-party multimedia files in SVG: video and audio from a computer or network sources.
This editor, unlike most others, does not look like a browser port of a desktop application. On the left are the main drawing tools, and on top are the controls. The main space is occupied by a canvas for working with graphics.
