Integrated packages are software complexes that include all the software products necessary for daily activities.
At first, packages appeared that combined a word processor, spreadsheets, a DBMS and a graphics editor, for example, FRAME WORK, SIMPHONY, etc. Their goal was to seamlessly move information between applications-parts of a common package.
A few words should be said about the graphics packages that are part of integrated systems. The advantage of such systems is the natural use of the original data in the spreadsheet or database of the integrated system. Typically, large integrated systems provide users with pie charting or line charting environments. The user must first select and mark on the spreadsheet the range of cells whose contents should be displayed as a graph, and then, using a few key commands, generate the corresponding graph or chart.
The output method is consistent with the general style of working in a particular framework. For example, in the Framework system, graph images are displayed in display windows and are automatically scaled depending on the size of the window.
At present, integrated packages include tools for working with three-dimensional graphics, an information manager, an electronic document recognition system, and e-mail. Such packages are called "electronic office". Consider the composition of several of the most common office suites.
Microsoft Office 2000/XP
Standard Edition:
· Microsoft Word – multifunctional text editor;
· Microsoft Excel - a program for creating and processing spreadsheets;
· Microsoft Access – a program for creating and administering databases;
· Microsoft PowerPoint - a program for preparing presentations, including graphic, text, sound and even video elements;
· Microsoft Outlook – the most powerful office manager, combining the program Email, a program for creating and sending faxes, a Scheduler of Meetings and Contacts, a notebook and much more. Works better in local than in global network;
· Microsoft Image Editor - a simple image editor;
· Microsoft Internet Explorer - a program for browsing the Internet.
Professional Edition:
· Microsoft Access 2000 – a program for creating and editing databases;
· Microsoft Publisher 2000 - a program for layout and design of text publications.
Extended Edition:
· Microsoft Front Page 2000 - a program for creating and designing Internet pages;
· Microsoft PhotoDrow 2000 - graphics editor.
Small Business Edition:
· Contact Manager - special tools for small businesses.
Microsoft Works is a monolithic program of the Universal Household Worker, consisting of a text editor, a simple spreadsheet, and a simple database. Each module is simplified compared to Microsoft Office. Microsoft Works is designed to perform a wide range of business, educational and other tasks.
Works package tools:
1) word processor, designed for creating and editing notes, reports, catalogs, letterheads and other combined documents.
2) Spreadsheet allowing to solve financial, statistical and other tasks related to computing.
3) Diagrams to convert numerical spreadsheet data into various graphical representations.
4) Database with the ability to develop reports designed to collect, process and print information about customers, goods, invoices, payrolls, etc.
5) Communication system, which allows you to connect to operational information systems and exchange information with other computers on which modems are installed.
In addition, the Works package includes Microsoft program Drow, which can be used to improve the look of word processor documents.
User information in Works is stored on disk in files with different extensions: *.WPS; *.WKS; *.wdb.
Russian office (Arsenal), a set of independent software products focused on home use:
· Text editor "Lexicon" , a new version can work with spreadsheets.
· Translation program "Socrates" can translate ordinary texts in any text editors and Internet pages.
· Descartes - a program for accounting for household finances.
· DISCO rocking chair is a program for copying the contents of entire Internet sites to a hard drive.
· Things are alright – personal document manager.
· Tri-O-Count - an extensive number of Russian fonts.
· pictureman - a set of programs for working with graphics.
In the e-office domestic development SKAT(Integrated Trade Automation System) in the Lotus Notes system for WINDOWS, DBMS, e-mail, information security tools, application development tools are integrated: text, graphic editors, spreadsheet. SCAT subsystems: component warehouse, finished product warehouse, invoices, contracts, purchase orders, certificates (system setup, documentation).
Staroffice(Sun)- free product(developed and distributed by Linux system, now under Windows) is a single integrated system: all operations with documents, regardless of their format, are performed from a single shell program.
The StarOffice desktop is also an Internet browser, with StarMail & Discussion email and news client and StarShedule scheduling software included.
StarOffice includes:
· starwriter - a text editor equivalent to MS Word;
· StarCalc – Spreadsheet editor, identical to MS Excel;
· adabase – a program for creating and managing databases;
· Star Impress - presentation program;
· Star Image - editor of digitized, raster images with a library of special effects;
· StarDraw - a semi-professional program for working with vector graphics;
· StarMath – formula editor;
· starchart - a program for creating diagrams;
· font work - a program for creating spectacular text "caps";
· StarForm - program for the development of forms.
Offices-"additions":
Cognitive office(Cognitive Technologies) is an electronic document management system. Consists of two powerful programs:
¨ CuneiForm – scanned text recognition program with a built-in text editor;
¨ "Euphrates" - a package designed to organize all the documents available on the computer and facilitate work with them (electronic document management system).
Prompt Translation Office(Promt) is a computer translation system. By using special program SmarTool its modules can be built into almost all major MS Office 2000 applications - Word, Excel, Access, FrontPage, Outlook. It consists of:
¨ PROMT2000 - a translator program that integrates with MS Office 2000, and also has its own text editor;
¨ webview – browser with simultaneous translation of Web pages;
¨ Qtrans - a program for quickly translating small fragments of text;
¨ clipboard translator – quick translation of the contents of the clipboard;
¨ Integrator – provides fast access to all programs of the package;
¨ Electronic dictionary - with it you can get everything possible options translation of both individual words and idioms.
¨ Promt Internet 2000 – a program for translating Internet pages, supplied separately and includes:
§ R-Express and Promt-E– modules for adding translation functions to the Internet Explorer browser,
§ webview– browser with simultaneous translation of web pages,
§ Mail Translator- is built into MS Outlook and can translate incoming and outgoing email messages.
Integrated packages use OLE (Object Linked and Embedding) technology to link objects created by different ITs into a single document. OLE has three properties:
The concept of compound documents. For example, in a WORD editor document, you can insert Excel chart or a Corel Draw drawing. Two components of this technology are possible: binding and embedding. If one document (object) is linked to another, then changing the original changes the linked object. If a document is linked to several other documents, then changes to the original are made to all linked documents. If a document is embedded in another, then changing the original does not change the embedded object;
Editing in place. Both linked and embedded documents can be edited in the merged document (not in the original);
Dragging an object. For example, to open a file for editing, you can drag its icon onto the editor icon.
Microsoft Office 2003 2010 suites include applications general purpose: word processor MS Word; spreadsheet spreadsheet MS Excel; database management system MS ccess; a tool for preparing MS PowerPoint presentations; a tool for organizing group work MS Outlook. Compared with previous versions it, like other general-purpose MS Office applications, has the following new features: a new, more attractive interface; use in application windows...
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Integrated software packages are a set of several software products combined into a single handy tool. The most developed of them include a text editor, an organizer, a spreadsheet, a DBMS, e-mail support tools, a program for creating presentation graphics.
The results obtained by individual subroutines can be combined into a final document containing tabular, graphical and textual material.
Integrated packages, as a rule, contain some kind of kernel, which provides the possibility of close interaction between components.
IN professional package Microsoft Office included such necessary programs like text editor Word , electronic Excel spreadsheet, a PowerPoint presentation program, DBMS Access, e-mail support tool Mail. All parts of this package form a single whole, and even outwardly all programs look the same, which makes them easier to learn and use every day.
For example, an integrated package for writing books containing illustrations contains:
Text editor;
Spelling corrector for 80,000 words (spelling error detection program);
text fusion program;
Table of contents and indexing program;
Automatic search and replacement of words and phrases;
Telecommunication facilities;
spreadsheet;
database management system;
Graphic design modules;
Ability to print in hundreds of different fonts, etc.
Microsoft Works is a very simple and convenient package that combines a text editor, spreadsheets and databases, as well as telecommunications tools for connecting to other computers over telephone lines. The package is aimed at people who do not have time to master complex products, for novice users, as well as for home users.
Integrated packages allow the simultaneous use of several functional and typical packages in a specific application.
Integrated packages are user-friendly. They have a single interface, do not require docking of their software tools, have a fairly high speed of solving problems.
Integrated packages are a set of several software products combined into a single convenient tool, as noted above.
An integrated package usually costs the same as a standalone program, and therefore the money is well spent on it.
Integrated software packages - not numerous in terms of the number of product names, but computationally quite powerful and actively developing part software(BY).
There is an integrated package for the analysis of fixed income securities, consisting of a yield calculator, a portfolio analysis tool, and bond swap contracts. The program performs yield calculations for any type of fixed income securities; the data can be stored in files or used in portfolio analysis modules or swap contracts.
There are also special integrated packages for the office, which include software products interacting with each other. The main distinguishing feature of the programs that make up the integrated package is a common user interface that allows you to apply similar techniques when working with various applications of the package.
An integrated package provides a link between the data, but at the same time, the capabilities of each component are narrowed compared to a similar specialized package.
The interface of earlier programs was overloaded with various means of data exchange and descriptions of the work environment, which required the user to have certain skills and knowledge in terms of switching packet modes, data formats, principles of storage and manipulation various types data, which ultimately reduced the attractiveness of the packages. In modern packages (for example, Microsoft Works), this drawback has been eliminated: the simplicity of the interface allows it to be used without prior training of personnel.
The integrated software package Works is based on principles that greatly facilitate its development and work with it, predetermine its relative compactness and, at the same time, sufficient power as a universal tool.
The analysis of application areas leads to the need to develop several integrated packages. It is advisable to develop several integrated packages that include the following set of functions that would be completely located in memory during operation: tabular processing, graphics, file system, statistics, simple base data, machine-to-machine communication.
Another reason is that the circle of potential users of integrated packages, although large, is still limited. When the majority of those who really need such packages will have them (and this will happen very soon), only outstanding products will have a chance of success. The high degree of commercial risk involved in launching such a complex and expensive product must also be taken into account.
6.18. What are Standard Routine Libraries?
Standard subroutines have a single form of address, which provides simplicity and convenience in setting the subroutine parameters to solve a specific problem.
As an example, we can cite a library of standard subroutines for numerical mathematical methods for solving equations, calculating integrals, finding extrema, etc.
6.19. What are application packages?
Depending on the nature of the tasks to be solved, the following types of PPP are distinguished:
In order for the user to apply the PPP to solve a specific problem, the package must have customization tools (sometimes by introducing some additions).
Each PPP usually has a number of possibilities in terms of data processing methods and forms of their presentation, completeness of diagnostics, which allows the user to choose the option that is suitable for specific conditions.
Application software provides a significant reduction in the requirements for the level of professional training of users in the field of programming, up to the possibility of operating the package without a programmer.
Often, application software packages have databases for storing data and passing it to application programs.
6.20. What are integrated software packages?
The results obtained by individual subroutines can be combined into a final document containing tabular, graphical and textual material.
Integrated packages, as a rule, contain some kind of kernel, which provides the possibility of close interaction between components.
Example: integrated package for writing books containing illustrations. He contains:
The most famous integrated packages:
Microsoft office. This powerful professional package includes essential programs such as a text editor winword , spreadsheet excel , presentation software PowerPoint , DBMS Access , email support tool Mail. Moreover, all parts of this package form a single whole, and even outwardly all programs look the same, which facilitates both their development and daily use.
Microsoft Works - this is a very simple and convenient package that combines a text editor, spreadsheets and databases, as well as telecommunications tools for connecting to other computers via telephone lines. The package is aimed at people who do not have time to master complex products, for novice users, as well as for home users.
6.21. What are organizers?
Lotus Organizer
They allow you to effectively manage your working time, financial resources, etc. They have the ability to automate regular actions, create personal and group schedules, schedule meetings, and maintain a notebook. They traditionally include a calendar, clock, calculator, etc.
Lotus Organizer - notepad divided into sections: calendar, to-do list, address and phone book, planner, Notebook, a list of memorable dates.
Microsoft Project allows you to plan the implementation of projects and present the schedule in graphical form which is very handy for complex projects.
6.22. What is network software?
Novell NetWare - network operating system. Allows users to share files, printers, and other equipment. Contains a directory service, a shared distributed database of users and network resources.
7.1. Organization of integrated software packages
Integrated system is called: an automated system (in the broad sense) that provides for various needs (including information, computing, communication and / or others) of users and maintains a single procedure for interacting with users, including ways of presenting data; an automated system in which data is processed according to a single scheme based on uniform initial rules for various applied tasks.
Integrated technologies are an interconnected set of individual technologies, that is, the combination of parts integrated systems with developed information interaction between them.
Integrated software packages are designed to form the information and analytical environment of an individual user or group of users within an office or organization with a decentralized approach to providing enterprise management functions. By using integrated office suites office work, document execution control, reporting, information search, information input and updating, scheduling, information exchange between departments of the enterprise. Economic and accounting calculations are carried out with the help of integrated office packages, and the problems of analyzing the financial condition of firms are solved.
Among the integrated software systems, one can distinguish: software packages for individual use (and integrated with the operating system), which use decentralized information processing, and software packages for centralized information processing, integrated to work within a distributed office (enterprise) network.
Decentralization of information storage and processing and use technical means involves the implementation of functional subsystems directly at the workplace. In most cases, the technical basis of decentralized information processing is a personal computer and telecommunications, and the software is integrated software packages.
Advantages of decentralizedinformation system: information systems better meet business needs, users understand the information well; the flexibility of the structure provides scope for user initiatives; users have much more autonomy; telecommunications costs are reduced; the purpose of the use of resources and efforts can be carefully considered; strengthening the responsibility of lower-level employees; systems are smaller and simpler, so they are easier to manage, build, and maintain.
Disadvantages of a Decentralized Organization information system: potential duplication of resources and the possibility of their inefficient use; problems with compatibility and standardization of resources due to the use of unique developments; difficulties in creating and using complex systems for group development and project implementation; problems of organizing interaction between departments; uneven development of the level of information culture and the level of automation in different departments, there is no place for specialists with extensive experience due to the low general level of knowledge and skills; psychological rejection of centrally recommended standards and ready-made software products.
Conditions for applying a decentralized approach to the organization of the information system: the organization is insignificant in size; there is a need for speed and flexibility of information services; different operations are applied, each unit performs specific work, requires a unique service; actively use employee motivation and delegation of authority; if there is a link between performance and decentralization.
Centralized (client-server systems) and decentralized (software packages) approaches are applied at the same time, there is a powerful computing center (general strategy, training, assistance, standards and policies for the use of software and hardware), and local computing resources united in a single network.
7.2. Software packages for individual use
The term is used to refer to the traditional technology for solving economic and managerial problems. subject technology, which is a sequence of technological steps for modifying primary information into result information. In this regard, software packages for individual use can be sets universal means solving specific subject management problems.
Software package integrated with operating system Microsoft Windows includes standard applications, such as browser (Internet Explorer), email client (Outlook Express), player ( Windows Media player). With the help of COM technologies (previously OLE and DDE were used), components can be embedded in other applications, including third-party ones. These products are positioned as free and can be freely downloaded from the official Microsoft website, however, to install some of them, you must have a valid Microsoft Windows license. Running these programs under other operating systems is possible using emulators of the Windows environment. There are also versions of some of them specially designed for others. operating systems. These versions are inferior to the original versions in terms of features and functionality, as well as the frequency of updates.
There is a lot of controversy and discussion around the inclusion of such standard products in the Windows OS, as this creates a serious obstacle to the distribution of competing products. Thus, leadership is often challenged and quality is questioned. Internet browser Explorer, explaining its popularity by being included in Windows package and poor user awareness of the availability of alternatives. And in March 2004, the European Commission fined Microsoft and ordered it to create for sale in Europe Windows version without Windows Media Player. Microsoft itself continues to defend its right to include its products in the Windows package and develops new integrated products.
Microsoft Office Home & Student Suite Designed for home and school assignments. Whether it's a user creating on home computer a digital scrapbook, or a student carrying laptop computer across campus, a set of apps will help both get the job done faster and easier. New features enhance word processing, spreadsheets and presentations. Office Home & Student contains: Excel program for data analysis, OneNote - a program for creating notes and managing them, PowerPoint - a program for creating presentations, Word program to create documents.
7.3. Software packages integrated for work within the office
In these packages, functional IT is a system integration of enabling IT, in which any of the subject technologies is implemented. The problem of system integration lies in the need to bring different IT to a single standard interface, data exchange, etc. Therefore, when choosing such packages, a serious justification is necessary, for the reason that in various subject areas, supporting technologies are based on completely different platforms. For example, the work of an employee of the credit department of a bank using a computer necessarily involves the use of a combination of banking technologies for assessing the creditworthiness of a borrower, forming a loan agreement and term obligations, calculating a payment schedule and other technologies implemented in any information technology: DBMS, spreadsheet processor. The degree of integration of office suites into functional technology may not be sufficient, a temporary solution.
An example of software packages integrated for offices, is Microsoft Office 2007 - a set of applications, servers and services that provide flexibility in choosing the technologies and solutions that best meet individual and corporate requirements. The Microsoft website presents several variants of this set:
· "Corporate"- to improve the efficiency of the enterprise. Organizations wishing to succeed in a global information-based economy must solve the complex problems of interaction, office automation, enterprise information management and information about employees. The Microsoft Office Enterprise Suite provides organizations and their employees with enhanced capabilities that help make it easier for employees and teams to work together, streamline workflows and information management, and promote a deep understanding of the challenges facing the organization. It contains the following products: Microsoft Office Access, Communicator, Excel, Groove, InfoPath, OneNote, Outlook, PowerPoint, Publisher, Word.
· "Professional Plus"- to increase the productivity of employees. To compete successfully, modern organizations must provide their people and teams with the means to achieve new levels of productivity and efficiency. With Microsoft Office Professional Plus, organizations can empower users to streamline workflows—create business data, manage and share business information, and manage enterprise information—to achieve higher levels of security and quality system compliance. Office Professional Plus contains the following products: Access, Communicator, Excel, InfoPath, Outlook, PowerPoint, Publisher, Word.
· Package "Professional" designed to manage information and busy schedules. The full-time professional usually has to work on several tasks at the same time, managing large amounts of information and trying to meet deadlines. The Professional suite of apps helps you work more efficiently, better manage your important business data, and quickly share it with others. Office Professional contains: Access, Excel, Outlook with Business Contact Manager, PowerPoint, Publisher, Word. Outlook with Business Contact Manager helps employees achieve business goals together. Outlook 2007 with Business Contact Manager is a program for managing contact and customer data.
· Small Business Package is focused on making the most of the work of each employee, all available resources and opportunities. It enhances the individual productivity of employees and allows you to create professional-looking documents that enhance the positive reputation of the company. Office Small Business contains: Accounting Express, Excel, Outlook with Business Contact Manager, PowerPoint, Publisher, Word.
· "Standard"- includes the most commonly used software products (Excel, Outlook, PowerPoint, Word).
Compared to the "Standard" set of programs, other editions have extended components. For example, they may include:
· Communicator - unified communications client;
· Groove - program for organization joint work groups;
· InfoPath - a program for collecting data;
Publisher - a program for the publishing business system and the creation of marketing materials, etc.
Optionally, separate office suites can be integrated into any Microsoft office suites. Microsoft applications such as Visio, a diagramming and visualization solution, and Project, a project management software.
Except office suite Microsoft, there are also the following packages:
Lotus Smart Suite (IBM, http://www.lotus.com);
· WordPerfect Office (Corel Corporation, http://www.corel.com);
StarOffice (Sun Microsystems, http://www.sun.com);
· EasyOffice (http://www.e-press.com);
· OpenOffice (http://www.openoffice.org).
7.4. Software packages integrated for distributed work as part of corporate network
In such pacts, there is a transformation of the providing information technology into a functional one (modification of some commonly used tools into a special one) with the help of application integration tools (special add-ons) for operation as part of a computer network. Examples of enterprise software packages integrated for networking include:
Microsoft SharePoint Enterprise- a comprehensive set of tools for working groups and organizations that allows you to collect and combine all types of information, providing quick search and making it possible to share important information with employees located in other companies and regions. SharePoint Server is an integrated suite of enterprise applications that can help increase your organization's productivity by addressing many business-critical needs, such as the need to efficiently organize information, make informed decisions and manage business processes, and remove restrictions that hinder collaboration. A server license is required for each server. Each user requires an additional CAL - a license that entitles the user to access server services. The package includes SharePoint Designer, a SharePoint web application builder.
Microsoft Visual Studio Team System 2008 is a system for managing the life cycle of applications with related tools, processes and manuals. It supports application build management.
Duet for Microsoft Office 2007 and SAP 1.5 is intended for users who build their business based on Microsoft and Business One products. Duet is a co-integrated package that allows Microsoft products to interact with SAP.
Performance Point Server is an integrated application designed to improve operational and financial productivity in all departments and at all levels of the organization. With Performance Point Server, you can track current results, analyze the causes of discrepancies, and fully plan your business from budgeting to management reporting.
Recently, electronic offices have become more widespread, the equipment and employees of which can be located in different rooms. The need to work with documents, materials, enterprise databases at home, in a hotel, in vehicles has led to the emergence of virtual offices.
Topic 8. Organization of management information systems as a process of manager's activity
8.1. The role of the manager in organizing the management system
The specificity of the manager's activity using the business system is that he organizes the collection, storage, processing, provision and distribution economic information.
Economic Information- this is a collection of information about the socio-economic processes of managing the socio-economic system and a team of people. It is specific in large volumes, multiple repetitions of its processing cycles over time, a variety of sources and consumers, and a significant proportion of routine processing procedures. Characteristics of economic information - periodicity, understandability, relevance, reliability (reliability), comparability (in time) and comparability with information from other participants in business relations. Business information includes macroeconomic, financial, exchange, commercial, statistical information and business news.
In the field of application of management information technology, the question of what a management system should be and how to develop it is answered by technical standards. Currently, the most popular standards for IT management systems are: ISO 9000, TickIT, SEI SW-CMM.
ISO 9000 series standards- The quality system of the international organization for standardization was developed for mechanical engineering, but are the most famous and widespread throughout the world. They are universal, recognized at the global level, regardless of the industry in which the company operates (the main advantage of the ISO model). In order to prove compliance with the requirements of ISO 9000, it is necessary to demonstrate 100% compliance with the ISO model and obtain a certificate. Due to its versatility, a large number of supporting industry and ISO standards must be used.
TickIT standard– a well-known national (British) industry standard that regulates the requirements for software development, is ancillary to ISO 900X in the field of information technology, and is based on the ISO 9001:94 model. Unlike the ISO 9001 model, which specifies "what needs to be done", developers this standard tried to answer the question "how" can the requirements defined in ISO 9001 be met. TickIT combines the ISO 9001 model with a set of voluntary standards ISO 12207 and ISO 9000-3.
SEI SW-CMM (Capability Maturity Model) - a maturity model of software development processes) contains an approach to improving IT processes through many small improvements implemented in the company. The SEI SW-CMM provides a layered, incremental approach to building a process improvement system, unlike the ISO model.
PM (Project Management) - project management- the application of knowledge, experience, methods and tools to project activities to meet the requirements for the project and the expectations of the project participants. Most often, project work is development (order) planning, budgeting, work schedule, requirements management, testing, implementation, acceptance of work performed. To meet the requirements and expectations of the project participants, it is necessary to find the optimal combination between the goals, deadlines, costs, quality and other characteristics of the project.
Economic standards for IT reflect the vision of information processes and objects from the point of view of business management. The ISO 15288 standard describes information technology investment management. Determining the criteria for business needs, taking into account the above in world practice, is carried out on the basis of instructions from ITSEC, TCSEC, SPICE and other industrial and industrial forums described in the COBIT standard (lat.). ITIL/ITSM defines the IT department model as a set of services that decide specific tasks business.
8.2. Features of design, development and implementation computer system management
Formation of the information process management (management) of any organization should begin with the formation of its business (or information) model, which provides for the timeliness of provision, reliability, completeness and sufficiency of business information for the implementation of management functions; compliance with the decision-making level and adaptability to the changing information needs of users. From the point of view of taking into account the time factor, static, simulation and dynamic models are distinguished.
Business model is a description of an organization as a complex system. Within the framework of the business model, all objects (entities), processes, rules for performing operations, development strategy, criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the system functioning are displayed. To create it, pre-project research is needed - engineering and reengineering of activities. Pre-project studies provide for the identification of all characteristics of the object and management activities in it, the flows of internal and external information links, the composition of tasks and specialists who will work in the new technological conditions, the level of their computer and professional training as future users of the system.
business engineering is carried out when the objectives of the activity as a result of the implementation automated system do not change, only the way to achieve them changes. What used to be done “just like that” is now done within the framework of an automated system. Engineering has a number of methods for designing a business:
allocation of step-by-step procedures of the projected business;
introduction of notation systems describing procedures;
The use of heuristics and pragmatic solutions to describe the degree of compliance of the designed business option with the set goals.
Business reengineering is carried out when the purpose of introducing an information system can be a qualitative change in current activities. That is, the improvements possible with the introduction of AIS are not only quantitative, but also qualitative. Reengineering includes the following steps:
development of the image of the future organization;
analysis of existing business;
development of a new business;
introduction of new business.
When designing an IS, an information model and an information system are created.
information model- a subset of business models that describes all existing ones (including those not formalized in documentary form) information flows organization, processing rules and routing algorithms of its constituent elements. The information model should ensure that the cost of processing business information does not exceed the effect obtained. IT is needed in order to develop an information system on its basis.
Information system- this is the entire infrastructure of the organization involved in the process of managing information and documentary flows. The content of the information system of the organization reflects the organizational model of management (management) of this organization.
Information system components:
Information is the main resource of the system;
Software and hardware - used to work with information;
The staff organizes information processes;
· Methods and means of collecting, transmitting, processing and accumulating information.
When creating a business computer system, the principle is widely applied typification of design solutions, because when implementing a standard system, design costs are reduced, since enterprises are managed on the basis of uniform provisions, the structure of the management system is similar for similar types of activities, standardization requirements are often put forward, with individual design it is difficult to ensure the proper scientific and technical level of development.
The implementation of the principle of typification of design decisions imposes requirements: each level of the hierarchy of the control system must be visible and understandable without detailed knowledge of the lower levels; links between elements at the same level are minimized; connections between elements through the level are excluded; an element of a higher level uses the element of the next level as a whole, passing it input information; after the end of work, control and results of work are returned to the calling element.
8.3. The specifics of developing an information model of a management system
Information technologies are not only an object of research and development, but also a means of creating IS in various subject areas (CASE-Computer Aided Software Engineering, software development technologies). CASE is a toolkit for system analysts, developers and programmers that allows you to automate the process of designing and developing IS, which is firmly established in the practice of creating and maintaining IS and IT. These are technologies for structural analysis of an organization and identification of functions IDEF0, description of business process event chains IDEF3, Aris eEPC, representation of knowledge using the universal modeling language UML, filling out questionnaires using the example of 1C : Professional case.
Methodology of structural analysis and functional modeling(SADT) - a clear definition of the functions of the management system and the decomposition of activities aimed at performing functions, building functional model systems. Structural analysis is a methodological variation of system analysis. Functional modeling by structural analysis is used to visualize business processes in the ISO 9001:2000 standard.
Aris eEPC Methodology defines the content of the reference model of processes adopted in SAP R / 3 and allows you to create it. A reference model is a business organization model developed for a particular sector of the economy. It represents the view of individual consulting companies and is a summary of real business experience in various organizations around the world. The eEPC diagram is an “Event Chain” that determines the sequence of business process tasks and is developed in two versions: “As is” and “As it should be”.
UML (Universal Markup Language) - universal modeling language is a notation symbols) expressing ideas and solutions of object-oriented analysis and design in the course of a rational unified development process of complex software systems. UML scenario, sequence, state, and interaction diagrams can be used to describe an organization's domain.
Scenario Diagrams show the desired behavior of the system in terms of interaction of external objects (actors) with it, how external interaction with it is seen and what are the most important requirements for interaction.
Sequence diagrams are used to define exactly the script logic (how the objects work).
Interaction Diagrams- imply the basic associations between objects, the flow of information exchange messages in an object-oriented application.
State diagrams describe changes to object attributes in terms of states and rules for transitioning from one state to another.
Methodology 1C:Professional description of the information system on the platform 1C:Enterprise allows you to describe the facts necessary for designing a business process, identify problems and pitfalls, develop a common point of view between an IT specialist and a customer. The questionnaire consists of sections: Business process - a graphical model of the survey of the enterprise "As is", the purpose and content of the automated process. Rules and facts are the standards and methods on which the logic of a business application is based and must be taken into account. Reasons, goals and risks of automation. Action cards and object cards specifying the composition of the infobase components. Conditions and objects of routing. Reporting on the progress of both individual instances and all business processes of this type. Unresolved issues at the time of design that may affect automation. Glossary - terms, abbreviations and abbreviations used when filling out the questionnaire.
8.4. Planning an information technology strategy
The development plan for the application of information technology should take into account the needs of the firm. The choice of a strategy for the application of automated information technology is determined primarily by the subject area of activity (industrial and economic or other); then tasks in management, infrastructure and management model of the firm.
The benefits from the use of information technology are achieved: by automating management functions, when part of the routine operations is performed not by a person, but by a computer; due to the effect of self-control, which enables the computer user to look at his actions from the outside; better processing of information in computers, more complex and accurate models; abstraction from the internal structure of objects and processes of technology; raise bandwidth business processes.
At small enterprises of various fields of activity, information technology, as a rule, is associated with solving accounting problems, accumulating information on certain types of business processes, creating information databases on the direction of the company's activities and organizing a telecommunications environment for users to communicate with each other and with other enterprises and organizations.
In medium-sized organizations (enterprises), the functioning of electronic document management and its binding to specific business processes are of great importance for the management level, and the organization of automated storages and archives of information, protection of information from unauthorized access, automation of business processes, etc. are characteristic.
In large organizations (enterprises), as a rule, there is an IT department that solves the problems of developing a modern software and hardware complex, including the use of multi-machine systems based on high-speed corporate computer networks, advanced client-server architecture and specialized or unique software.
The information technology development plan helps to implement: standard method investment analysis (CBA, Cost Benefit Analysis), the method of balanced scorecards (BSC, Balance Score Card), assessment of total value (TVO, Total Value of Opportunity) and total cost of ownership (TCO, Total Coast of Owership).
Strategy is a formalized system of approaches, principles and methods. J. Parsons in 1983 proposed 6 main strategies:
· Central planning. In this case, there is a central department coordinating IT strategy and business strategy, and the head of the IT department should be part of the decision-making staff.
· Championship. Firms with this strategy typically try to tie the needs of the firm to IT development and invest heavily in research and development. Strong top management support is needed.
· free market- User managers decide what their IT needs are and how to satisfy them, top management is not involved in this process.
· Monopoly. The IT department is the exclusive distributor of IT.
· scarce resources - management tries to limit the use of IT by deciding how much resources the project will take and when it will pay off.
· Necessary evil.- IT is needed to achieve the goals, and the costs will be incurred only when it becomes absolutely necessary to achieve the business goal.
At any time, the firm can apply one of the six strategies or mix them, change them when circumstances change.
The Strategic Matrix by McFarlane and McKeney useful for choosing a firm's strategy. There are 4 classes of firms on which IT will have a different impact: strategic class, werewolves, factory class, support class.
Strategic class- companies whose present and future depend on the use of IT for daily activities: banks, insurance companies, etc. They should adopt a central planning or primacy strategy due to the high correlation between successful use of IT and the success of the firm.
Werewolves do not depend heavily on IT, but can plan for it in the future wide application to increase your competitive advantage. They must adhere to the strategy of central planning, primacy or free market.
factory class- firms in which, although there may be a dependence of day-to-day operations on IT, however, IP cannot become a source of competitive advantage. The strategies of monopoly and scarcity of resources are recommended here.
Support class- usually use IT for support, for example, to ensure the security of information, but do not affect the performance of basic functions. For such firms, a resource scarcity strategy is recommended.
