11. Automated processing of economic information
OJSC "ChPF "Buket Chuvashia" applies computer program 1C: Enterprise 7.7 edition 4.4, which can be used to maintain any sections of accounting at enterprises of various types.
The diverse and flexible capabilities of the 1C: Enterprise system make it possible to use it both as a fairly simple and intuitive tool for an accountant, and as a means of fully automating accounting from entering primary documents to generating reports.
The 1C:Enterprise system can be used to maintain almost any section of accounting:
· Accounting for bank and cash transactions;
· Accounting for fixed assets and intangible assets;
· Accounting for materials;
· Accounting for goods, services and production;
· Accounting for currency transactions;
· Accounting for mutual settlements with organizations, debtors, creditors, accountable persons;
· Payroll accounting;
· Accounting for budgeting;
· Other sections of accounting.
The 1C:Enterprise system has flexible accounting options:
1. Synthetic accounting for a multi-level chart of accounts;
2. Accounting for several charts of accounts;
3. Currency accounting and currency coverage accounting;
4. Multidimensional analytical accounting;
5. The mode of automatic formation of operations on documents.
6. In order to expand the possibilities of payroll accounting, the “Payroll” Configuration was purchased to work in the 1C: Enterprise 7.7 program. Mode of manual input of operations;
7. Mode of typical operations;
8. The mode of automatic formation of operations on documents.
An important difference between accounting accounts and other types of data is the ability to create the accounts themselves, both in the configuration and in the infobase itself.
The functioning of the 1C system: The enterprise is divided into two processes separated in time: setup (configuration) and the direct work of the user in keeping records or performing calculations.
In turn, I would like to note that along with ample opportunities, this program also has disadvantages. A new software product "1C: Enterprise 8.0" has recently been released, which, in my opinion, is more convenient to use than the program "1C: Enterprise 7.7"
Most beer and non-alcoholic plants (PBK) produce not only beer and soft drinks, but also low-alcohol products. The production process at PBK is multi-stage, continuous and multi-threaded. The duration of technological operations is measured in days and weeks, in some cases - months. Each technological operation is characterized by duration, output rates and quality indicators. A characteristic feature of PBK's activities is also a large volume of work in progress.
Accounting at the plant must be kept by type of finished product - beer, mineral water, weak alcohol, soft drinks, etc. To keep a quantitative record of the nomenclature, you must simultaneously use several units of measurement - a bottle, a box, a container, a wagon, gave (10 liters) and a liter of anhydrous alcohol. To organize accounting for the shipment of finished products, it is necessary to take into account the "gross" weight and the "net" weight. Write-off accounting should be organized in accordance with the norms of natural loss. Excessive losses of raw materials, materials and finished products must be controlled. Accounting for pledge containers should be kept in the context of customers and types of containers - wagons, containers, boxes, bottles and kegs. For the efficient operation of vehicles during the delivery of products to customers, it is necessary to plan its work and keep records of its use.
In accordance with the requirements of the legislation, PBKs must keep records of the turnover of ethyl alcohol and excises, as well as submit regulated reports to regulatory authorities.
To automate enterprises that produce and sell beer, as well as low-alcohol and non-alcoholic products, 1C and Comcon Project (1C: Franchisee, Moscow) jointly developed the 1C: Beer and Non-Alcoholic Plant 8.0 industry application solution. This software product was developed on the basis of the program "1C: Enterprise 8.0. Manufacturing Enterprise Management". In the process of creating the solution, the specifics of PBK's activities were taken into account, as well as the experience of automation of MPBK "Ochakovo" and the Moscow yeast plant "Derbenevka".
The program "1C: Beer and non-alcoholic plant 8.0" is a comprehensive solution and covers all the main contours of management and accounting at a manufacturing enterprise. This solution allows you to organize a single information system to manage various aspects of the enterprise (production, purchases, stocks and sales), to manage finances and relationships with buyers and suppliers. The software product implements planning of production, sales and purchases, cost management and costing, personnel management and payroll. Budgeting, accounting and tax accounting, as well as accounting in accordance with IFRS are provided.
1. Concept, structure, classification and coding of information.
2. Characteristics of the information management process.
3. Procedures for collecting and processing information.
Economic information as an object of automated processing. Accounting information is the totality of information necessary for the implementation of accounting functions, which reflects the processes of production, economic and financial activities of accounting objects.
The most common features of the classification of accounting information are elements of production. From these positions, accounting information is allocated that relates to objects of labor, means of labor, labor, finished products, cash, etc. From the position of accounting organization, information is divided into information related to fixed assets (funds), material values, labor and wages, production, finished products and their sale, etc.
The source of formation of primary accounting information is mainly the processes and operations of the production, economic and financial activities of enterprises. Primary information also arises as a result of other activities of enterprises and their non-industrial farms.
Secondary information is formed by processing only primary information, either primary and previously received secondary, or only the latter.
Secondary information is usually divided into two types: intermediate and final (result), summary and final. The result information is the purpose of processing the initial data, the intermediate information arises in the process of their processing. The need for intermediate information appears most often when deciding on the choice of paths for subsequent stages of processing and finding the desired answer.
Accounting information according to the principle of completeness (saturation) is divided into insufficient, sufficient and redundancy.
On the basis of stability, information is divided into variable, conditionally constant and constant.
Permanent information refers to data that never changes its value. Permanent information includes fixed values, constants, as well as accounting data and reporting information.
It is customary to refer to conditionally constant information regulatory and pricing data, which include all kinds of norms and standards, prices and rates. The values of norms and prices change from time to time, but for a certain period it remains, which gives reason to classify regulatory and pricing information as conditionally constant.
According to the stability of storage, information is divided into short-term and long-term. One-time variable information is subject to short-term storage, conditionally permanent and permanent information is subject to long-term storage.
According to the form of signals, information can be digital, alphabetic (alphabetic).
The classification of accounting information according to various criteria facilitates orientation in its great variety, ensures the identification of its qualitative originality, and allows you to choose technical means suitable for processing this type of information.
The lowest level accounting information units are requisites. Props - an elementary unit of accounting information, amenable to any dismemberment. The requisite carries a certain semantic meaning necessary for accounting. If the attribute carries a quantitative characteristic of any accounting object, it is called the main one. A qualitative characteristic is interpreted by a feature attribute.
An indicator is a unit of information, consisting of one attribute-base and related attributes-attributes.
Requisites, indicators are recorded in accounting in documents that form bundles of documents, that is, arrays.
Array - information unit third level.
An array is a composite unit of information that includes a set of indicators of the same form, but with different values of their bases or features, or a set of attributes of the same form with different values. Under the conditions of computerization, the array as a unit has acquired particular importance - the organization of data processing and storage (during the functioning of the data bank) is built on the basis of arrays. Arrays are organized in the form of records in the computer memory.
Information arrays in accounting are combined into information flows, which in these cases play the role of structural units of accounting information of the fourth level. Information flows are understood as a set of arrays that relate to one area of accounting work, for example, to accounting for labor and wages.
The structural unit of information of the fifth and highest level is the information system. In accounting, the system combines all information flows. The information system includes all information regarding the control object. Thus, the structure of accounting information can be represented as shown in Figure 1.
The structural construction of information, which is presented in computer devices and in computer memory, speaks of the machine organization of information. Such structural units as a machine word, a machine symbol, a record, a group of records are known. The memory cell also plays the role of a structural unit of information presentation.
If we consider accounting information from the standpoint of accounting methodology, we can also distinguish a number of specific units that are unique to accounting. Details, indicators, messages, arrays, flows of the subsystem are inherent not only in accounting information, but also in other types of management information. But such a unit as accounting account assignment, which reflects a simple account entry for two accounting accounts, is typical only for the structure of accounting information.
Leading procedures include data collection, transmission, storage, processing and use.
The material medium for data presentation is various information carriers, as well as technical devices, including communication channels and computer devices. In accounting, the leading role belongs to the presentation of data on paper in the form of documents, both primary and consolidated.
Figure 1 - The structure of accounting information
Considering the issues of automation of control systems, first of all, it is necessary to clearly define what we are going to automate, that is, to determine the objects of automation.
To determine the automation objects, it is necessary to analyze the process of the enterprise functioning. As a result of the analysis, a description of the information processing process in the management system should be obtained, the elements of this process should be identified.
Analysis of the information processing process in solving any management problem allows us to distinguish three types of interrelated information procedures in it, which consists in the implementation of one or another mechanism for processing input information into a specific result and individually performed by officials is shown in Figure 1.1.
economic information processing automation
Figure 1.1 - Final information on criteria
The figure shows that in order to obtain the necessary information, you need to select an employee from the list. As a result, information will be obtained about the sold goods, its condition and which particular client.
In a small (wholesale) trade enterprise, the main economic component is the collection, control, processing, and analysis of data. It is necessary to carry out accounting and control of the income of the enterprise. It is also necessary to know what resources the company owns. Own information about customers, suppliers, goods and orders, as well as their relationship with each other.
When developing a database for the Mango trading enterprise, it is necessary to adhere to such principles as: payback, reliability, flexibility (that is, system adaptation), security (here I mean ensuring the safety of commercial information), friendliness (the system must be understandable to the user), and finally, compliance with minimum standards.
Therefore, it is necessary to create a database that would take into account information, labor, and material resources. Show their relationship with each other.
An automated information system should be considered as a tool in the hands of officials who process information in the course of their professional activities. We can say that the presence of this tool actually determines a new technology for the implementation of professional activities.
An automated information system provides the implementation of some information technology for processing information in the course of professional activity. The constructed database must process the input information to obtain the required output information.
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Analysis of the automated system for processing economic information of the enterprise "Dorremstroy"
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Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
The technology of electronic processing of economic information includes a human-machine process of executing interconnected operations occurring in a prescribed sequence in order to convert the initial (primary) information into the result. An operation is a complex of technological actions performed, as a result of which information is transformed. Technological operations are diverse in complexity, purpose, implementation technique, are performed on various equipment, by many performers. In the conditions of electronic data processing, operations are performed automatically on machines and devices that read data, perform operations according to a given program in automatic mode without human intervention or while retaining the functions of control, analysis and regulation for the user.
The construction of the technological process is determined by the following factors: the features of the processed economic information, its volume, the requirements for the urgency and accuracy of processing, the types, quantity and characteristics of the technical means used. They form the basis for the organization of technology, which includes the establishment of a list, sequence and methods of performing operations, the procedure for the work of specialists and automation tools, the organization of workplaces, the establishment of temporary regulations for interaction, etc. The organization of the technological process should ensure its economy, complexity, reliability of operation, high quality works. This is achieved by using a systems engineering approach to designing technology for solving economic problems. At the same time, there is a complex interrelated consideration of all factors, ways, methods of building technology, the use of elements of typification and standardization, as well as the unification of technological process schemes.
Operational (line) type construction of the technological process provides for the sequential transformation of the processed information, according to the technology, presented in the form of a continuous sequence of successive operations performed in automatic mode. This approach to the construction of technology turned out to be acceptable in the organization of the work of subscriber stations and automated workstations.
The organization of technology at its individual stages has its own characteristics, which gives grounds for distinguishing out-of-machine and in-machine technology. off-machine technology(it is often referred to as pre-base) combines the operations of collecting and recording data, recording data on machine media with control. In-machine technology associated with the organization of the computing process in the computer, the organization of data arrays in the memory of the machine and their structuring, which gives reason to call it also intrabase. Considering that the subsequent chapters of the textbook are devoted to the means that make up the technical basis for off-machine and intra-machine information conversion, we will briefly consider only the features of building these technologies.
The main stage of the technological process is associated with the solution of functional problems on a computer. In-machine technology for solving problems on a computer, as a rule, implements the following typical processes of transforming economic information: the formation of new information arrays; ordering information arrays; selection from an array of some of the records, merging and splitting arrays; making changes to the array; performing arithmetic operations on details within records, within arrays, on records of several arrays. The solution of each individual task or set of tasks requires the following operations: input of a program for a machine solution of the problem and its placement in the computer memory, input of initial data, logical and arithmetic control of the entered information, correction of erroneous data, arrangement of input arrays and sorting of the entered information, calculations according to a given algorithm, obtaining output arrays of information, editing output forms, displaying information on the screen and on machine media, printing tables with output data.
There are the following modes of user interaction with the computer: batch and interactive (request, dialog). The computers themselves can operate in various modes: single and multiprogram, time sharing, real time, teleprocessing. At the same time, the goal is to meet the needs of users in the maximum possible automation of solving various problems.
The organization of the computing process in batch mode was built without user access to the computer. Its functions were limited to preparing initial data for a set of information-related tasks and transferring them to a processing center, where a package was formed that included a task for a computer for processing, programs, initial, regulatory and reference data. The package was entered into the computer and implemented in automatic mode without the participation of the user and operator, which made it possible to minimize the execution time of a given set of tasks. At the same time, the operation of the computer could take place in a single-program or multi-program mode, which is preferable, since the parallel operation of the main devices of the machine was ensured. Currently, batch mode is implemented in relation to e-mail.
The request mode is necessary for users to interact with the system through a significant number of subscriber terminal devices, including those remote at a considerable distance from the processing center. This need is due to the solution of operational tasks, such as, for example, marketing tasks, personnel reshuffle tasks, tasks of a strategic nature, etc. computer in similar cases implements a queuing system, operates in a time-sharing mode, in which several independent subscribers (users) with the help of input-output devices have direct and almost simultaneous access to a computer in the process of solving their problems. This mode makes it possible to provide each user with time to communicate with the computer in a differentiated manner in a strictly established manner, and after the end of the session, turn it off.
The interactive mode opens up the possibility for the user to directly interact with the computer system at a work pace acceptable to him, realizing a repetitive cycle of issuing a task, receiving and analyzing a response. In this case, the computer itself can initiate a dialogue, informing the user of a sequence of steps (providing a menu) to obtain the desired result.
Both varieties of the interactive mode (query, dialog) are based on the operation of a computer in real time and teleprocessing modes, which are a further development of the time sharing mode. Therefore, the mandatory conditions for the functioning of the system in these modes are: firstly, the permanent storage of the necessary information and programs in the computer memory devices and only the minimum amount of initial information from subscribers and, secondly, the availability of appropriate means of communication with the computer for circulation to her at any time.
Economic information is a transformed and processed set of information that reflects the state and course of economic processes. Economic information circulates in the economic system and accompanies the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services. Economic information should be considered as one of the varieties of management information.
The accuracy of information ensures its unambiguous perception by all consumers. Reliability determines allowable level distortion of both incoming and output information, which maintains the efficiency of the system. Efficiency reflects the relevance of information for the necessary calculations and decision-making in changing conditions.
In the processes of automated processing of economic information, various types of data that characterize certain economic phenomena act as an object undergoing transformations. Such processes are called AOEI technological processes and represent a set of interrelated operations occurring in a set sequence. Or, in more detail, it is the process of converting input information into output using technical means and resources.
Remote data transmission based on the use of communication channels is the transmission of data in the form of electrical signals that can be continuous in time and discrete, i.e. be discontinuous in time. The most widely used telegraph and telephone communication channels. electrical signals transmitted by telegraph channel communications are discrete, and by telephone - continuous.
Entering information, especially graphics, using a computer keyboard is very laborious. Recently, there have been trends in the use of business graphics - one of the main types of information, which requires prompt input into a computer and providing users with the opportunity to form hybrid documents and databases that combine graphics with text. All these functions in the PC are performed by scanning devices. They implement optical input of information and its conversion into digital form with subsequent processing.
For the IBM PC, the PC Image/Graphix system has been developed, designed to scan various documents and transfer them via communications. Among the documentary media of the system that can be scanned by the camera are: text, line drawings, photographs, microfilms. PC-based scanning devices are used not only for entering text and graphic information, but also in control systems, processing letters, performing various accounting functions.
For these tasks, the methods of encoding information with bar codes have found the greatest application. Scanning barcodes for entering information into a PC is done using miniature scanners resembling a pencil. The scanner is moved by the user perpendicular to a group of strokes, an internal light source illuminating the area of this set directly near the scanner tip. Barcodes found wide application both in the field of trade and at enterprises (in the timekeeping system: when reading from the employee's card, the actual time worked, registers the time, date, etc.).
Recently, more and more attention has been paid to tactile input devices - the touch screen ("touch" - sensitive). Tactile input devices are widely used as public information and reference systems and systems automated learning. A US company has developed a Point-1 touch monitor with a resolution of 1024 x 1024 pixels for the IBM PC and other PCs. The touch screen is widely used for stock exchanges (recent stock price information...).
Program Microsoft Excel belongs to the class of programs called spreadsheets. Spreadsheets are focused primarily on solving economic and engineering problems, they allow you to systematize data from any field of activity. There are the following versions of this program - Microsoft Excel 4.0, 5.0, 7.0, 97, 2000. Version 97 is considered in this workshop. Familiarity with more early versions makes it easy to move on to the next one.
Microsoft Excel has 12 worksheet functions used to analyze data from lists or databases. Each of these functions, which for compatibility reasons have the generic name DBFunction, takes three arguments: a database, a field, and a criterion. These three arguments refer to the cell ranges on the worksheet that are used by this function.
Field defines the column used by the function. The data fields in the list must contain an identifying name on the first line. The field argument can be specified as text with the column name in double quotes, such as "Age" or "Crop" in the example database below, or as a number specifying the position of the column in the list: 1 for the first field (Tree), 2 for the second field (Height), and so on.
Criterion-- is a reference to a range of cells specifying the conditions for the function. The function returns data from a list that satisfies the conditions defined by a range of criteria. The criteria range includes a copy of the name of the column in the list that is being summarized. The criteria reference can be entered as a range of cells, such as A1:F2 in the example database below, or as a range name, such as Criteria. For more information about the conditions that can be used as a criterion argument, click the button.
The program file is a so-called workbook , or working folder. Each workbook can contain 256 worksheets . By default, the version of Excel 97 contains 3 worksheets, previous version The default program contained 16 worksheets. Sheets can contain both interconnected and completely independent information. A worksheet is a template for a table.
Select the source cell, in the lower right corner there is a fill marker, place the mouse cursor on it, it will take the form + ; with the left key pressed, stretch the border of the frame to a group of cells. In this case, all selected cells are filled with the contents of the first cell. At the same time, when copying and autocomplete, the addresses of cells in formulas change accordingly. For example, the formula = A1 + B1 will change to = A2 + B2.
The considered technological processes and modes of operation of users in the "man-machine" system are especially clearly manifested in the integrated processing of information, which is typical for a modern automated decision in accepting managerial tasks. Information processes used in the development of management decisions in automated systems of organizational management are implemented using computers and other technical means. As the computer science the forms of its use are also being improved. There are various ways to access and communicate with computers. Individual and collective access to computing resources depends on the degree of their concentration and organizational forms of functioning. The centralized forms of the use of computing facilities that existed before the mass use of PCs assumed their concentration in one place and the organization of information and computing centers (ICC) for individual and collective use (IVCKP).
Recently, the organization of the use of computer technology has undergone significant changes associated with the transition to the creation of integrated information systems. Integrated information systems are created taking into account the fact that they must carry out consistent data management within an enterprise (organization), coordinate the work of individual departments, automate information exchange operations both within individual user groups and between several organizations separated by tens and hundreds kilometers. The basis for building such systems are local computer networks(LAN). A characteristic feature of the LAN is to enable users to work in a universal information environment with data sharing functions.
In the last 2-3 years, computerization has reached new level: actively created computing systems various configurations based personal computers(PC) and more powerful machines. Consisting of several stand-alone computers with common shared external devices(disks, tapes) and unified management, they allow for more reliable protection of computer resources (devices, databases, programs), increase fault tolerance, ensure ease of upgrading and increasing system capacity. More and more attention is being paid to the development of not only local, but also distributed networks, without which it is unthinkable to solve modern problems of informatization.
Depending on the degree of centralization of computing resources, the role of the user and his functions change. With centralized forms, when the user does not have direct contact with the computer, his role is reduced to transferring the initial data for processing, obtaining results, identifying and eliminating errors. With direct communication between the user and the computer, its functions in information technology are expanding. All this is implemented within one workplace. The user is required to have knowledge of the basics of informatics and computer technology.
Modes computer processing data. Centralized, decentralized, distributed and integrated ways of processing data. Means of information processing. Types of dialogue user interface. spreadsheet processor MS Excel.
term paper, added 04/25/2013
Information collection technology traditional methods. Rules for collecting offline information. Technical means of collecting information. Operations for quick recovery data in storage systems. Technological process and information processing procedures.
term paper, added 04/02/2013
Development of a project for an automated system for processing economic information for a small advertising enterprise. Purpose and main functions of the designed system, requirements for it. Technology for processing and protecting the economic information of an enterprise.
control work, added 07/10/2009
Requirements and structure of economic information processing systems. Information processing technology and system maintenance, information protection. The process of creating queries, forms, reports, macros, and modules. Tools for organizing databases and working with them.
term paper, added 04/25/2012
Basic properties of information. The minimum unit for measuring the amount of information, its analogy with knowledge from the point of view of the process of cognition. Characteristics of the main information processes: search, collection, processing, transmission and storage of information.
test, added 10/01/2011
Development of a program in the C++ language and the implementation of the formulation and selection of algorithms for solving problems of processing economic information, creating and editing a database, sorting records according to a specific request, analyzing the efficiency of data processing.
control work, added 08/28/2012
Systems of automated information processing. Storage of a large amount of information. The concept of a database (DB). Ensuring data privacy. Levels of data presentation in the database. Logical data structure. Restrictions placed on the data.
abstract, added 11/26/2011
Characteristics of the organization of automated processing. Data schema and its description. Characteristics of input and output information. Organization of the technological process of collecting, transmitting, processing and issuing information. Formalization of automated tasks.
term paper, added 11/22/2013
Automated information processing: concepts and technology. Organization of placement, processing, search, storage and transmission of information. Protection of information from unauthorized access. Antivirus means of information protection. Network technologies.
training manual, added 01/14/2009
A program for processing economic information that inputs initial information from a file. Viewing the source data table and editing it. Internal representation of data. Storing records of the input file. Adding and removing lines from the list.
All documents related to the EIS, as well as files of the in-machine information base, can be divided into input and output.
The composition of the in-machine base is determined based on the information needs of each level of the administrative apparatus.
In the theory of automated systems for processing economic information, IO is usually divided into:
§ systems of indicators of a given subject area (for example, indicators of accounting, financial and credit activities, analysis, etc.);
§ classification and coding systems;
§ documentation;
§ information flows - options for organizing workflow;
§ various information arrays (files) stored in a machine and on machine media and having a different degree of organization.
The most complex organization is an automated data bank, which includes arrays for solving routine tasks, issuing certificates and exchanging information between different users.
During the design of IO, performed jointly with users-economists, the following work is carried out:
determines the composition of indicators necessary for solving economic problems, their volume-time characteristics and information links;
Various classifiers and codes are being developed; the possibility of using nationwide classifiers is being studied;
· the possibility of using a unified documentation system to reflect indicators is revealed, forms of new primary documents are designed, adapted to the requirements of machine processing;
· the information fund is being organized; the composition of the database and its organization are determined; forms of output of processing results are designed.
The creation of information support is carried out in close connection with the technology of automated processing and software.
The creation of IO is carried out in the course of drawing up a technical working project and provides for the preparation of instructions for users on the application of the main provisions of IO in their practical activities related to the processing of economic tasks on a PC. This:
instructions for preparing documents for machine processing and their coding;
instructions for processing an economic task on a PC - entering a program, correcting information arrays, entering initial data, correcting information, loading into a database, organizing requests, obtaining output data, organizing information exchange with other users.
Documentation and technology of its formation
The main information carriers for automated processing are input and output documents, i.e. the approved form of information carriers that have legal force. Input Documentation contains primary, unprocessed information reflecting the state of the control object; filled in manually or with the help of technical means.
output documentation includes summary grouping data obtained as a result of automated processing and is produced mainly on the printing devices of the machine. In accounting and the financial and credit system, the accepted forms of documentation are regulated by uniform regulations, rules and instructions.
The development of systems for automated processing of economic information, providing for the exchange of information, required the unification and standardization of all documentation intended to reflect economic information.
For a number of documents, unified unified and standard forms of forms have been developed. Unification put forward the following requirements for documents: a standard form of construction, adaptation to automated processing, minimization of indicators, elimination of duplication, inclusion of all indicators necessary for management purposes.
The requirements for unified documentation require documents to have a standard form of construction, which provides for the allocation of three parts in the document: heading, content and formatting.
- header contains the following characteristics of the document and the considered object:
The name of the object being taken into account (enterprise, organization, operating);
Characteristics of the document (index, OKUD code);
· Title of the document;
· a zone for putting down codes of attributes-signs that are permanent for the document.
- Making part document contains signatures legal entities responsible for the correctness of its preparation, as well as the date of filling out the document.
The development of forms of primary documents is carried out in the following sequence:
Specifies the composition of the details included in the document; their composition should meet the objectives of management;
Details that are subject to automated processing are allocated and distributed into three zones:
1st zone - permanent features located in the header, in a frame for affixing codes of permanent features;
2nd zone - variable signs placed in the table to the right or left of the name of the signs;
3rd zone - quantitative-sum bases, placed in the table on the right.
The process of creating forms of primary documents is associated with the further order of placing the data of these documents in the computer memory. The current level of development of automated information processing technology provides for the development of a layout for entering data from documents in 2 versions:
1. The layout of each document is an exact copy of the primary document (payment order, invoice, check, etc.);
2. a unified layout for entering data from different documents that have the same requisite composition (for example, a single layout of a document for entering data from payment orders, outgoing and incoming cash orders, invoices).
The result of the processing of economic information are various reports, tables, grouped according to certain criteria. Generalized data can be presented on paper, on a display, on magnetic media. The following requirements are imposed on the output documents: the composition of the indicators contained in them must be sufficient for management purposes, the data must be reliable and logically located in the document. The PC should produce ready-to-use documents: print the title page, heading, content, formatting. When placing details in the output documents, a hierarchy of grouping characteristics and calculated totals is established:
· grouping signs are arranged according to the degree of decrease in the level of their subordination;
Quantitative-sum results - by the degree of increase in the results.
The development of forms of primary and summary documents is carried out at the stage of a technical working project.
In-machine information support
Intramachine information support (SIS) includes all types of specially organized information presented in a form convenient for perception by technical means. These are files (arrays), databases and data banks, knowledge bases, as well as their systems. Whereas off-machine IO is a collection of messages and documents in a form perceived by the user without the use of computer technology.
IO should quickly and fully meet the information needs of all users. According to the content, the VIO is a set of factual information used in the economic activities of the enterprise. According to their role in machine processing and technology of use, arrays are divided into:
Permanent or normative reference ( NSI ) . They form the information basis and rarely change. They include classifiers, directories, catalogs, etc. They are formed before the start of AIS operation and are used in many information processing cycles. It is customary to distinguish 4 classes of NSI (regulatory reference information of enterprises):
· Design composition of production facilities;
· Technological standards (technological operations, types of equipment, time standards, material consumption rates, etc.);
· Classifiers (products, etc.);
· Price tags.
Variable arrays contain actual (accounting) information that characterizes the state of the control object. This information is most often formed on the basis of primary documents;
Intermediate arrays- they arise at the stages of solving problems and do not have independent significance for management purposes;
Output (result) arrays are obtained as a result of processing the initial information and contain the data necessary for analysis and management decision-making.
Service arrays- contain auxiliary information necessary for processing all other types of arrays.
All types of arrays make up the IS of a computer system and provide systematization and unification of indicators, allow you to establish terminological unity, unambiguity of descriptions and relationships between indicators in an intramachine IS.
With an increase in the volume of information for multi-purpose use and effective satisfaction of the information needs of various users, an integrated approach is used to create a VIO in the form of a database or data bank.
Database is a specially organized storage information resources in the form of an integrated set of files, providing convenient interaction between them and fast access to data .
Database is an automated system representing a set of information, software, hardware and personnel. Providing storage, accumulation, updating, search and issuance of data. The main components of the data bank are the database and the DBMS.
Creation of Databases and Data Banks solves a number of problems:
· Multiple input and duplication of the same data is eliminated;
Reduced redundancy and inconsistency of data;
· There is no problem of changing application programs due to the replacement of physical devices or
Data structure changes;
· Increased level of reliability and security of information, ease of access to data;
· Costs are reduced not only for the creation and storage of data, but also for keeping them up to date;
· It becomes possible to share data for solving a wide range of problems, including new ones.
Mathematical support
Mathematical software is a set of mathematical methods, models and algorithms for processing information used in solving functional problems. Mathematical software includes tools for modeling management processes, methods and tools for solving typical management problems, methods for optimizing the studied management processes and decision-making (methods of multi-criteria optimization, mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, queuing theory, economic mathematical models etc.).
Mathematical software serves as the basis for the development of a complex of applied programs.
Economic - mathematical modeling in planning and managing an economic object
Economic - mathematical modeling (EMM) allows you to display a real economic or production system in the form of mathematical relationships between the parameters and characteristics of this system. It allows you to avoid errors in the implementation of the tasks of planning and managing an economic object. The final solution chosen with the help of EMM is the most reasonable, because it is selected from a set of feasible solutions.
Economic - mathematical models are designed not only to obtain any result in the form of a specific number, the exact value, but in many cases they are used to analyze economic processes and phenomena. Math modeling allows you to solve problems that are not solved by traditional methods.
We list, for example, EMM used for planning and marketing products:
· Calculation of the optimal production program for enterprises with a serial type of production;
· Optimal scheduling of production consists in drawing up an optimal schedule for loading machines for the manufacture of a certain number of parts according to a given technology;
· A model for locating the production of heterogeneous products, taking into account the binding of producers to consumers.
Software
There are 2 main types of software:
1. general (system): provides automation of program development and organization of the computing process;
2. special (applied) - a set of solution programs specific tasks user.
operating system is a program that automatically loads when the computer is turned on and provides the user with a basic set of commands with which to communicate with the computer: run the program, format the floppy disk, copy a file, etc.
The programming system is tools for qualified users - programmers and non-programmers. determine information Technology, intended for the design of functional software. Functional software is a software implementation of specific functions of an information worker using various information technologies, i.e. it is the setting of an automated workplace (AWS), DBMS, hypertexts, multimedia, expert systems, a software complex of tasks and EIS subsystems built using other means design, for a specific information worker of a particular enterprise, taking into account the specifics of the data processing system that has developed there.
Programmer's Tools define information technology, available to the user with any qualification in the field of computing and programming.
Service programs provide a number of services to ensure the operation of computers and software.
Except operating systems For the functioning of any EIS, it is also necessary:
§ text and diagnostic programs;
§ software telecommunications;
§ software tools for protecting information from unauthorized access and impact;
§ software tools for confirming the integrity of the transmitted document and identifying the author's signature;
§ software interface with others computer systems and etc.
Organizational support
Organizational support includes a set of documents that regulate the functions and tasks of specialists using the software.
Legal support - a set of documents that defines the rights and obligations of specialists using software, as well as the rules for storing and protecting information, data revision. ensuring the legal authenticity of data.
Methodological support - complex guidelines on the implementation and use of software, training tools, demonstration examples.
Ergonomic support is a set of measures that provide the most comfortable conditions for the work of users.
Linguistic support - with its help, communication between a person and a machine is carried out. It includes a system of terms and definitions, information languages for describing the structural units of the information base (documents, indicators, details), language tools of information retrieval systems, etc.
Enterprise management automation
AIS enterprise management (you can use the previously appeared definition of ACS or APCS - an automated enterprise management system. In modern literature, the term SAUP is also found - an enterprise management automation system) is a set of interrelated elements that form a single whole aimed at achieving a single goal. The goal is a systematic collection and processing of economic information, which should provide all the functions of enterprise management.
It is automation that provides the necessary efficiency of control and flexibility of enterprise management, obtaining consistent and complete data on the financial and economic condition, and prompt access to analytical information about the operation of the enterprise.
A clear distinction should be drawn between SAAUCH (accounting automation system, mainly accounting and financial, etc.) and SAUP or ACMS (enterprise management automation system) - in Western terminology, resource planning systems (ERP - Enterprise Resource Management) and planning the need for production resources (MRP II - Manufacturing Resource Planning).
Automation of enterprise management is based on 3 "pillars":
Business process technology;
Software;
Technical means.
Buisness process- this is a set of internal activities of the enterprise, ending with the creation of the products necessary for the client (consumer). Business processes "penetrate" the functional structure of the enterprise. Their structure reflects the interaction of departments during the production of products, while the functional structure of the enterprise reflects the distribution of responsibility between departments. Business processes are the subject of managerial automation.
The difference between accounting automation systems and management automation systems is that the former cover only one management function, while the latter cover the entire process.
The technology of business processes ensures the completeness of the formation of primary data, the reliability and efficiency of accounting information within the framework of the economic activity of the enterprise, the correctness of registration and accounting of economic processes, the choice of the most rational forms and methods of management and determines the final requirements for the organization of the entire management process at the enterprise.
The automated control system contains management technologies that have become standard in international practice. These include:
1) Financial management - budgeting, project management, etc.;
2) Logistics management - statistical stock management, requirements planning with distributed stocks, etc.;
3) Production management and planning
- general methods: volumetric scheduling, material requirements planning, production capacity requirements planning, financial resource planning;
- special techniques: continuous production, mass production, production "to order" and "to the warehouse";
– specialized methods: marketing management, quality management, Just-in-Time methodology.
Systems for automating enterprise management differ in the level of support for these management methodologies and in the level of coverage of business processes.
Unlike Western enterprises, where automation is widely used, in Ukraine this process is just beginning, and even then not in all industries. As world experience shows, in developing economies, the use of automated control systems begins with industries:
- Which provide the basic needs of the bulk of the population - the food industry, energy, construction, the pharmaceutical industry, wholesale and retail, light industry;
- Which enjoy the greatest investment attractiveness - in addition to those listed above, the chemical, fuel, metallurgy, machine-building and processing industries;
- Which serve and help form the market infrastructure - all types of communications, hotel business and tourism, banking, legal and insurance services, car service, production of auto parts, transportation, etc.
The system of automated processing of economic information (ESIS) is a system in which reliable primary (actual) information (which characterizes the production, economic or other activities of the enterprise) fixed once in the minimum amount in the rhythm of production and in the same rhythm is transmitted and processed on a computer in such a way that at the end of this process maximum result information is obtained. This information should fully satisfy all management functions and can serve to inform managers at various levels. The system approach involves the creation of a single information base, which provides for the use of a single source information for all management tasks, a single system for classifying and coding information.
The main organizational form of the use of SOEI at the enterprises of Ukraine is the automated control system of different levels and purposes. At large enterprises, associations, organizations, multi-level integrated automated control systems have been created.
Currently, they are called VIAS - an intra-company integrated automated system.
Depending on the characteristics of production, the goals of developing such automated control systems, etc., it may include several systems: APCS (automated enterprise management system), APCS (automated process control system), CAD (design automation system), APCS ( automated control system for the technical preparation of production), ASUNIS - ACS for scientific research. All these systems can be interconnected and interdependent, or they can be relatively independent. Each of these systems is divided into a number of subsystems - called functional subsystems. In turn, each subsystem has its own set of tasks and information.
APCS may include the following subsystems - MTO (material and technical support of production), BU (accounting), OUP (operational production management), personnel management, etc. A similar structure of APCS has developed during the planned economy. The processing of information was carried out by a special subdivision of the CC or VTsKP (centrally).
With the advent of PCs and communication tools, EISs began to be developed on the basis of AWPs (automated user workstations) and their networks.
The functional subsystem is part of the AIS. Which is allocated on the basis of general functional features of enterprise management. Often in the functional structure of the AIS, the composition of the functional divisions of the enterprise is repeated. The names of these subsystems repeat the names of the divisions. Depending on the complexity of the control object, the number of functional subsystems (ps) can be 10-20 or more:
Ps accounting
PS management of technical preparation of production
PS feasibility planning
PS operational management of the main production
PS Logistics
HR management ps
financial management ps
Ps marketing management
Ps analysis of financial and economic activities
Ps investment management
Ps project management, etc.
Subsystems that are close in functionality are combined into circuits. Organizationally, each functional subsystem consists of a set of workstations (automated workstations) of various specialists.
Functional structure - composition of functional subsystems
Organizational structure - a set of workstations
Modular building - composition of AIS modules. A module can be a separate functional subsystem, or one workstation,
or a set of tasks.
AWS is a set of information, software and technical resources that provide the end user with data processing and automation of management functions in a specific subject area. (P.184-185, 67)
AWS is a tool for rationalization and intensification of management activities. It is created to perform a certain group of functions. The following requirements are imposed on the workstation: small size, low cost, high reliability. The ability to work offline and network mode, providing a developed dialogue between the user and the PC, the ability to input, edit and output text documents, tables, graphs, figures.
ARMs are classified according to various criteria:
1. by the type of tasks to be solved:
information and reference;
information and computing;
operational management;
accounting, etc.;
2. by mode of operation - in exclusive mode and network;
3. by functional orientation - ARM-T - technical and auxiliary person -
nala, ARM-S - specialist, ARM-R - manager;
4. by level of use - low-level workstation, middle-level workstation, higher-level workstation
level, etc.
The workstation network, the creation of the RDB (distributed database) made it possible to move to decentralized information processing and bring it closer to the places of origin and consumption of information.
Under these conditions, the line between the complexes of various functional subsystems began to blur - interfunctional complexes of management tasks arose. ACS is currently a network of workstations of different levels (mainly 2-4-level networks). The hierarchical network of workstations most fully corresponds to the structure of production management.
Workstation - P (head) upper level;
ARM-S (specialist) average level;
· ARM-T (technical worker) the lowest level.
The lower-level workstations work in the rhythm of production, that is, when a business operation is performed and information about it is recorded in a computer. AWPs of higher levels operate in a more "free" mode.
Characteristics and requirements for ARM-R, ARM-S, ARM-T.
ARM-R(heads: directors, chief administrators) can have a distributed (network - workstation) and local structure.
Requirements for ARM-R:
The presence of a developed database;
Providing an operational information retrieval system;
Providing operational communication and other sources of information within organizational structures;
Ensuring the possibility of accumulating work experience and previously made decisions in the memory of the workstation.
Typically, such workstations include a manager’s business package (electronic Notebook, personal archive, order file).
ARM-S ( specialists: heads of functional services, chief specialists, chief engineers, chief technologists, etc.) - contains systems for ensuring professional activities, ensuring the automation of routine work and supporting communications.
ARM-S contains: a database, means of electronic processing of forms and business graphics, a set of application software for mathematical calculations and modeling, as well as expert systems and knowledge bases to support solutions to formalized and non-formalized tasks.
ARM-T(technical workers: secretaries, cashiers, storekeepers) - for employees performing routine work: 60% -70% of the working time they are busy working with documents and telephone conversations. The main functions are information entry, paperwork, maintaining cards and archives, processing incoming and outgoing documentation (workstation secretary, workstation storekeeper, workstation personnel inspector, etc.).
The AWP network allows:
1. Ensure the interconnection of the processes of collecting and processing information horizontally (between structural divisions) at each level, and for each subject area (vertically);
2. Promptly and comprehensively ensure in each subsystem and at all levels the solution of all functional management issues;
3. Solve the problem of timely automatic formation of reliable results of the enterprise as a whole, and also obtaining consolidated financial indicators for the formation of established reporting.
Definitions of an automated workstation of a specialist (AWP). The role and place of AWS in automated information technology.
In recent years, the concept distributed systems management of the national economy, which provides for local processing of information. To implement the idea of distributed control, it is necessary to create automated workstations (AWPs) based on professional personal computers for each level of control and each subject area.
Analyzing the essence of workstations, specialists most often define them as professionally oriented small computing systems located directly at the workplaces of specialists and designed to automate their work.
For each control object, it is necessary to provide automated workstations corresponding to their functional purpose. However, the principles of creating workstations should be general: consistency, flexibility, sustainability, efficiency.
According to the principle of consistency, workstations should be considered as systems, the structure of which is determined by the functional purpose.
The principle of flexibility means the adaptability of the system to possible restructuring due to the modularity of the construction of all subsystems and the standardization of their elements.
The principle of sustainability lies in the fact that the AWP system must perform the main functions, regardless of the impact on it of internal and external possible factors. This means that malfunctions in its individual parts should be easily eliminated, and the system's performance should be quickly restored.
The effectiveness of the workstation should be considered as an integral indicator of the level of implementation of the above principles, related to the costs of creating and operating the system.
Currently, in order to intensify the mental and managerial work of specialists in various professions, automated workplaces that operate on the basis of a PC are being developed and widely used.
Let's consider the main components of the AWS of employees of economic services, management activities, etc., the prospects for their development and use. The general scheme of the PC, which is the technical basis of the workstation.
· External storage devices (VZU)
Display - the main device for displaying information.
The keyboard is the main device for entering information.
Recall that the most effective organizational form of using PCs is the creation on their basis of workstations of specific specialists (economists, statisticians, accountants, managers), since this form eliminates the psychological barrier in the relationship between man and machine.
The accumulated experience suggests that the workstation must meet the following requirements:
timely satisfaction of the information and computing needs of a specialist.
· minimum response time to user requests.
adaptation to the user's level of training and his professional needs.
Ease of mastering the methods of work on the workstation and ease of communication, reliability and ease of maintenance.
user tolerance.
Possibility of quick user training.
the ability to work as part of a computer network.
The generalized scheme of the workstation is shown in fig. 3.
Fig 3. Scheme of an automated workplace.
