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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
"Vologda State Technical University"
Department of Information Systems and Technologies
CONTROLJOB
Discipline:"HardwaresecurityPC»
CipherworkKR0304121821
Head Eremenko A.P.
Completed by student Petrov D.V.
Group, ZDIT-21 course, 2 course
Motherboard GIGABYTE A-M52LT-D3
Description
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CPU |
AMD AM3+ processor socket: 1. Fully compatible with AMD AM3+ FX family processors 2. Support for AMD Phenom™ II / AMD Athlon™ II processors |
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System Bus Hyper Transport |
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Chipset |
Chip "North Bridge": 1. NVIDIA® nForce 520LE |
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Memory subsystem |
1. 4 x DDR3 DIMM slots for 1.5V RAM modules up to 16GB 2. Dual channel memory architecture 3. Support for DDR3 memory modules with a frequency of 1666/1333/1066/800 MHz |
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Audio subsystem |
1. Audio signal format: High Definition Audio 2. SPDIF In/Out Connectors 3. CD In Connector 4. Audio signal positioning scheme 2/4/5.1/7.1 |
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LAN interface |
1. RTL 8201EL (10/100 Mbps) |
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Connectors for expansion cards |
1. 1 PCI Express x16 slot (functions in x16 mode) |
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Drive interfaces |
1. 1 x IDE connector supports ATA-133/100/66/33 , 2 IDE devices 2. 2 x SATA 3Gb/s connectors support 2 SATA 3Gb/s devices 3. Support RAID 0 and RAID 1 1. 1 x FDD connector supporting 1 floppy drive |
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USB interface |
1. Up to 8 USB 2.0/1.1 ports (4 USB ports on the rear panel; 4 USB ports on the extension bracket, connect to the corresponding connectors on the system board) |
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System board connectors |
1. 1 audio jack 2. CMOS reset jumper 3. CPU fan header 4. Front panel connector group 5. 2 x USB 2.0/1.1 7. 24-pin ATX connector 8. 4-pin ATX 12V connector 9. SPDIF output 10. 1 floppy drive connector 11. System fan connector 12. 1 IDE connector 13. Power connector for fan 14. 1 x SPDIF in 15. 2 x SATA 3Gb/s |
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Connectors on the rear panel |
1. 1 COM port 2. 1 PS/2 port (Mouse) 3. 1 PS/2 port (Keyboard) 4. 1 LPT port 5. 1 RJ45 LAN socket 6. 4 USB 2.0/1.1 ports 7. 6 speaker and microphone connectors 8. (Line In / Line Out / Microphone In / Rear Speaker Out / Center Speaker / Bass Speaker Out / Side Speaker Out) 9. 1 x SPDIF out (coaxial) |
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Chip I/O controller |
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System Health Monitoring |
1. CPU/System temperature control 2. Determination of system temperature 3. CPU fan speed control 4. *Support for CPU fan speed control function depends on the fan models used. 5. Monitoring the supply voltage of key system components 6. Detection of CPU / Power / System fan speed 7. CPU/System/Power fan failure warning |
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1. Support for DualBIOS™ technology 2. PnP 1.0a, DMI 2.0, SM BIOS 2.3, ACPI 1.0b 3. Licensed AWARD BIOS 4. 2 x 16 Mbit chips |
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Proprietary features and technologies |
1. Proprietary Auto Green function 2. Proprietary utility EasyTune 3. * The set of available functions as part of the proprietary EasyTune utility may vary depending on the specific model of the motherboard. 4. Signature Q-Flash™ function 5. Proprietary Download Center function 6. Signature Xpress™ Install 7. Proprietary Xpress Recovery 2™ 8. Proprietary @BIOS™ utility 9. Proprietary Xpress™ BIOS rescue function 10. Support GIGABYTE proprietary technology On/Off Charge |
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operating system |
1. Microsoft® Windows® 7/Vista/XP |
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Form factor; dimensions (cm) |
2. 305mm x 216mm |
The motherboard is a complex multilayer printed circuit board on which the main components of a personal computer or entry-level server are installed (central processor, RAM controller and RAM itself, boot ROM, controllers for basic I / O interfaces). It is the motherboard that integrates and coordinates the work of components that are so different in nature and functionality, such as a processor, RAM, expansion cards and all kinds of drives.
The main components installed on the motherboard:
The central processing unit (CPU).
· A set of system logic (chipset -- English chipset) -- a set of chips that connect the CPU to the RAM and controllers of peripheral devices. As a rule, modern sets of system logic are built on the basis of two VLSI: "northern" and "south bridges".
· Northbridge (eng. Northbridge), MCH (Memory controller hub), system controller - provides connection of the CPU to nodes using high-performance buses: RAM, graphics controller.
FSBs such as HyperTransport and SCI can be used to connect the CPU to the system controller.
Usually RAM is connected to the system controller. In this case, it contains the memory controller. Thus, the maximum amount of RAM, as well as the bandwidth of the memory bus of a personal computer, usually depends on the type of system controller used. But the current trend is to build the RAM controller directly into the CPU (for example, the memory controller is built into the processors in AMD K8 and Intel Core i7), which simplifies the functions of the system controller and reduces heat generation.
PCI Express is used as a bus for connecting a graphics controller on modern motherboards. Previously shared buses (ISA, VLB, PCI) and the AGP bus were used.
Southbridge (English Southbridge), ICH (I / O controller hub), peripheral controller - contains controllers for peripheral devices (hard disk, Ethernet, audio), bus controllers for connecting peripheral devices (PCI, PCI Express and USB buses) , as well as bus controllers to which devices that do not require high bandwidth are connected (LPC - used to connect a boot ROM; the LPC bus is also used to connect a multicontroller (English Super I / O) - a microcircuit that provides support for historical low-performance interfaces data transmission: serial and parallel interfaces, keyboard and mouse controller).
As a rule, the north and south bridges are implemented as separate VLSI, but there are also single-chip solutions. It is the set of system logic that determines all the key features of the motherboard and what devices can be connected to it.
RAM (also random access memory, RAM). Each RAM cell has its own individual address. RAM transfers data to the processor directly, or through the cache memory. RAM is manufactured as a separate unit; can also be included in the design of a single-chip computer or microcontroller in the form of random access memory.
Boot ROM. Stores software that runs immediately after power-on. As a rule, the boot ROM contains the BIOS, but it can also contain software that runs within the EFI.
Processor AMD ATHLON II x2 240 (REGOR)
General characteristics
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Number of Cores |
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Process technology |
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Frequency characteristics |
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Clock frequency |
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System bus |
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multiplication factor |
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Built-in memory controller |
yes, bandwidth 17.1 Gb/s |
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L1 cache size |
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L2 cache size |
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Command sets |
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Instructions |
MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4, 3DNow! |
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AMD64/EM64T support |
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NX bit support |
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Virtualization Technology support |
Central processing unit (CPU; also central processing unit - CPU; English central processing unit, CPU, literally - central processing unit) - an electronic unit or an integrated circuit (microprocessor) that executes machine instructions (program code), the main part of the hardware providing a computer or programmable logic controller. Sometimes referred to as a microprocessor or simply a processor.
Initially, the term central processing unit described a specialized class of logical machines designed to execute complex computer programs. Due to the rather exact correspondence of this purpose to the functions of the computer processors that existed at that time, it was naturally transferred to the computers themselves. The beginning of the use of the term and its abbreviation in relation to computer systems was laid in the 1960s. The device, architecture and implementation of processors have changed many times since then, but their main executable functions have remained the same as before.
The main characteristics of the CPU are: clock frequency, performance, power consumption, standard lithographic process used in production (for microprocessors) and architecture.
Early CPUs were designed as unique building blocks for unique, and even one-of-a-kind, computer systems. Later, from the expensive method of developing processors designed to execute one single or several highly specialized programs, computer manufacturers switched to serial production of typical classes of multi-purpose processor devices.
The trend towards standardization of computer components began in the era of the rapid development of semiconductors, mainframes and minicomputers, and with the advent of integrated circuits, it has become even more popular. The creation of microcircuits allowed further increasing the complexity of the CPU while reducing their physical size. The standardization and miniaturization of processors have led to a deep penetration of digital devices based on them into everyday life. Modern processors can be found not only in high-tech devices such as computers, but also in cars, calculators, mobile phones, and even children's toys. Most often they are represented by microcontrollers, where, in addition to the computing device, additional components are located on the chip (program and data memory, interfaces, input / output ports, timers, etc.). Modern computing capabilities of the microcontroller are comparable to personal computer processors of a decade ago, and more often even significantly exceed their performance.
Multi-core processors
Processors designed to run a single copy of an operating system on multiple cores are a highly integrated implementation of multiprocessorism.
The first multi-core microprocessor was IBM's POWER4, which appeared in 2001 and had two cores.
In October 2004, Sun Microsystems released the UltraSPARC IV dual-core processor, which consisted of two modified UltraSPARC III cores. In early 2005, the dual-core UltraSPARC IV+ was created.
On November 14, 2005, Sun released the eight-core UltraSPARC T1, with each core running 4 threads.
On January 5, 2006, Intel introduced the first dual-core processor on a single Core Duo chip for a mobile platform.
In November 2006, the first quad-core Intel Core 2 Quad processor based on the Kentsfield core was released, which is an assembly of two Conroe crystals in one package. A descendant of this processor was the Intel Core 2 Quad on the Yorkfield core (45 nm), which is architecturally similar to Kentsfield but has a larger cache and operating frequencies.
In October 2007, eight-core UltraSPARC T2s went on sale, each core running 8 threads.
On September 10, 2007, native (in the form of a single chip) quad-core processors for AMD Opteron servers were released for sale, which had the code name AMD Opteron Barcelona during development. November 19, 2007 went on sale quad-core processor for home computers AMD Phenom. These processors implement the new K8L (K10) microarchitecture.
AMD has gone its own way, manufacturing quad-core processors on a single die (unlike Intel, whose first quad-core processors are actually gluing two dual-core dies together). Despite all the progressiveness of this approach, the first "quad-core" of the company, called AMD Phenom X4, turned out to be not very successful. Its lagging behind the competitor's contemporary processors ranged from 5 to 30 or more percent, depending on the model and specific tasks.
By Q1-Q2 2009, both companies updated their quad-core processor lines. Intel introduced the Core i7 family, which consists of three models running at different frequencies. The main highlights of this processor is the use of a three-channel memory controller (DDR3 type) and eight-core emulation technology (useful for some specific tasks). In addition, thanks to the general optimization of the architecture, it was possible to significantly improve the performance of the processor in many types of tasks. The weak side of the platform using the Core i7 is its excessive cost, since the installation of this processor requires an expensive motherboard based on the Intel X58 chipset and a three-channel DDR3 memory kit, which is also currently very expensive.
AMD, in turn, introduced a line of Phenom II X4 processors. During its development, the company took into account its mistakes: the cache size was increased (compared to the first generation Phenom), processors began to be manufactured according to the 45-nm process technology (this, accordingly, made it possible to reduce heat dissipation and significantly increase operating frequencies). In general, AMD Phenom II X4 is on a par with previous generation Intel processors (Yorkfield core) in terms of performance and lags far behind Intel Core i7. With the release of the 6-core AMD Phenom II X6 Black Thuban 1090T processor, the situation has changed slightly in favor of AMD.
At the moment, processors with 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 cores, as well as 2, 3 and 4-module AMD processors of the Bulldozer generation are widely available. In the server segment, 8-core Xeon and Nehalem processors (Intel) and 12-core Opterons (AMD) are also available.
RAM - Kingston KVR1333D3N9/4g and Kingston KVR1333D3N9/1g
RAM (eng. Random Access Memory, memory with random access) is a volatile part of the computer memory system, which temporarily stores the data and commands necessary for the processor to perform an operation. A prerequisite is the addressability (each machine word has an individual address) of the memory.
The exchange of data between the processor and RAM is carried out:
1. directly,
2. either through super-fast memory, level 0 - registers in the ALU, or if there is a cache - through it.
Power-saving modes of operation of the computer motherboard allow you to put it into sleep mode, which significantly reduces the level of power consumption by the computer. To save the contents of the RAM in this case, the contents of the RAM are written to a special file (in Windows XP it is called hiberfil.sys).
In the general case, RAM contains data from the operating system and programs running for execution, so the amount of RAM depends on the number of tasks that a computer can simultaneously perform.
Random access memory, RAM - a technical device that implements the functions of random access memory.
RAM can be manufactured as a separate unit or included in the design, for example, a single-chip computer or microcontroller.
Dynamic type memory
Main article: DRAM
Economical type of memory. To store a discharge (bit or trit), a circuit is used, consisting of one capacitor and one transistor (in some variations there are two capacitors). This type of memory solves, firstly, the problem of high cost (one capacitor and one transistor is cheaper than several transistors) and, secondly, compactness (where one trigger, that is, one bit, is placed in SRAM, eight capacitors and transistors can fit). There are also disadvantages. First, capacitor-based memory is slower, because if in SRAM a change in voltage at the trigger input immediately changes its state, then in order to set one bit (one bit) of capacitor-based memory to one, this capacitor must be charged , and in order to set the discharge to zero, respectively, to discharge. And these are much longer operations (10 or more times) than switching the trigger, even if the capacitor is very small. The second significant disadvantage is that capacitors are prone to "draining" of charge; Simply put, capacitors discharge over time. Moreover, they are discharged the faster, the smaller their capacity.
Due to the fact that the discharges in it are not stored statically, but “flow” dynamically in time, memory on capacitors got its name dynamic memory. In connection with this circumstance, in order not to lose the contents of the memory, the charge of the capacitors for recovery must be “regenerated” after a certain time interval. Regeneration is performed by the central microprocessor or memory controller, for a certain number of reading cycles when addressing by rows. Since all memory operations are periodically suspended to regenerate memory, this significantly reduces the performance of this type of RAM.
Video card NVIDIA GEFORCE 210
Video card (also video adapter, graphics adapter, graphics card, graphics card, graphics accelerator) is an electronic device that converts a graphic image stored as the contents of a computer's memory (or the adapter itself) into a form suitable for further display on a monitor screen. The first monitors built on cathode ray tubes worked on the television principle of scanning the screen with an electron beam, and a video signal generated by a video card was required for display.
Currently, however, this basic function, while remaining necessary and in demand, has gone into the shadows, ceasing to determine the level of imaging capabilities - the quality of the video signal (image clarity) has very little to do with the price and technical level of a modern video card. First of all, now a graphics adapter is understood as a device with a graphics processor - a graphics accelerator, which is engaged in the formation of the graphic image itself. Modern video cards are not limited to simple image output, they have an integrated graphics processor that can perform additional processing, removing this task from the computer's central processor. For example, all modern Nvidia and AMD (ATI) video cards render the OpenGL and DirectX graphics pipeline in hardware. Recently, there has also been a trend to use the computing power of the GPU for non-graphical tasks.
Typically, a video card is made in the form of a printed circuit board (expansion board) and is inserted into an expansion connector, either universal or specialized (AGP, PCI Express). Video cards built-in (integrated) into the system board are also widespread - both as a separate chip, and as part of the north bridge of the chipset or CPU); in this case, the device, strictly speaking, cannot be called a video card.
Device
A modern video card consists of the following parts:
GPU
The graphic processor (Graphics processing unit (GPU) - graphic processing unit) is engaged in calculations of the displayed image, freeing the central processor from this responsibility, it performs calculations for processing 3D graphics commands. It is the basis of the graphics card, it is on it that the speed and capabilities of the entire device depend. Modern graphics processors are not much inferior in complexity to the central processing unit of a computer, and often surpass it both in the number of transistors and in computing power, thanks to a large number of universal computing units. However, the previous generation GPU architecture usually assumes the presence of several information processing units, namely: a 2D graphics processing unit, a 3D graphics processing unit, in turn, usually divided into a geometric core (plus a vertex cache) and a rasterization unit (plus a texture cache). ) and etc.
video controller
The video controller is responsible for forming the image in the video memory, instructs RAMDAC to generate scan signals for the monitor, and processes requests from the central processor. In addition, there is usually an external data bus controller (for example, PCI or AGP), an internal data bus controller, and a video memory controller. The width of the internal bus and the video memory bus is usually larger than the external one (64, 128 or 256 bits versus 16 or 32), RAMDAC is also built into many video controllers. Modern graphics adapters (ATI, nVidia) usually have at least two video controllers that work independently of each other and control one or more displays at the same time each.
Video ROM
Video ROM (Video ROM) is a read-only memory (ROM) that stores the video card BIOS, screen fonts, service tables, etc. The ROM is not used directly by the video controller - only the central processor accesses it.
The BIOS ensures the initialization and operation of the video card before loading the main operating system, sets all the low-level parameters of the video card, including the operating frequencies and supply voltages of the graphics processor and video memory, and memory timings. Also, VBIOS contains system data that can be read and interpreted by the video driver during operation (depending on the method of division of responsibility between the driver and the BIOS). On many modern cards, electrically reprogrammable ROMs (EEPROM, Flash ROM) are installed that allow the user to overwrite the video BIOS by the user using a special program.
video memory
Video memory acts as a frame buffer that stores an image that is generated and constantly modified by the GPU and displayed on the monitor (or multiple monitors). The video memory also stores intermediate elements of the image that are invisible on the screen and other data. There are several types of video memory, differing in access speed and operating frequency. Modern video cards are equipped with DDR, GDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4 and GDDR5 memory types. It should also be borne in mind that in addition to the video memory located on the video card, modern graphics processors usually use in their work a part of the total system memory of the computer, direct access to which is organized by the video adapter driver via the AGP or PCIE bus. In the case of using the Uniform Memory Access architecture, part of the computer's system memory is used as video memory.
D/A Converter
A digital-to-analog converter (DAC; RAMDAC -- Random Access Memory Digital-to-Analog Converter) is used to convert the image generated by the video controller into color intensity levels supplied to an analog monitor. The possible color range of the image is determined only by the RAMDAC parameters. Most often, RAMDAC has four main blocks: three digital-to-analog converters, one for each color channel (red, green, blue - RGB), and SRAM for storing gamma correction data. Most DACs are 8 bits per channel -- 256 brightness levels for each primary color, for a total of 16.7 million colors (and due to gamma correction, it is possible to display the original 16.7 million colors in a much larger color space ). Some RAMDACs have 10 bits per channel (1024 brightness levels), which allows you to immediately display more than 1 billion colors, but this feature is practically not used. To support a second monitor, a second DAC is often installed. It should be noted that monitors and video projectors connected to the digital DVI output of the video card use their own digital-to-analog converters to convert the digital data stream and do not depend on the characteristics of the DAC of the video card.
Connector
Video adapters MDA, Hercules, EGA and CGA were equipped with a 9-pin D-Sub connector. Occasionally, a Composite Video coaxial connector was also present, allowing you to output a black and white image to a television receiver or monitor equipped with a low-frequency video input.
VGA video adapters and later usually had only one VGA connector (15-pin D-Sub). Occasionally, early versions of VGA adapters also had a previous generation connector (9-pin) for compatibility with older monitors. The choice of the working output was set by the switches on the video adapter board.
Currently, the boards are equipped with DVI or HDMI connectors, or the already outdated DisplayPort in the amount of from one to three (some latest generation ATi video cards are equipped with six connectors). DVI and HDMI ports are evolutionary stages in the development of the video signal transmission standard, so adapters can be used to connect devices with these types of ports. The DVI-I port also includes analog signals, allowing you to connect a monitor to an older D-SUB connector (DVI-D does not allow this). DisplayPort allows you to connect up to four devices, including audio devices, USB hubs, and other I/O devices.
Video card specifications
· memory bus width, measured in bits - the number of bits of information transmitted per cycle. An important parameter in card performance.
· the amount of video memory, measured in megabytes - the amount of the video card's own RAM. More volume doesn't always mean more performance.
· core and memory frequencies - measured in megahertz, the more, the faster the video card will process information.
· texture and pixel fill rate, measured in million pixels per second, shows the amount of output information per unit of time.
Sound card CREATIVE SOUND BLASTER AUDIGY
Sound card (sound card, audio card; English sound card) - additional equipment of a personal computer that allows you to process sound (output to speakers and / or record). At the time of their appearance, sound cards were separate expansion cards installed in the appropriate slot. In modern motherboards, they are presented as a hardware codec integrated into the motherboard (according to the Intel AC "97 or Intel HD Audio specification)
INTEGRATED AUDIO SUBSYSTEM AC"97
AC"97 (short for audio codec"97) is an audio codec standard developed by the Intel Architecture Labs division of Intel in 1997. This standard is used primarily in motherboards, modems, sound cards, and chassis with front panel audio solution. . AC"97 supports sampling rates of 96 kHz when using 20-bit stereo and 48 kHz when using 20-bit stereo for multi-channel recording and playback.
AC "97 consists of a host controller chipset built into the south bridge and an audio codec located on the board. The host controller (aka digital controller, DC" 97; English digit controller) is responsible for the exchange of digital data between the system bus and the analog codec. An analog codec is a small chip (4x4mm, TSOP package, 48 pins) that performs analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversions via program transfer or DMA. It consists of a node that directly performs conversions - ADC / DAC (analogue-to-digital converter / digital-to-analog converter; English analog digital converter / digital analog converter, abbr. ADC / DAC). The quality of the used ADC / DAC largely depends on the quality of digitization and decoding of digital sound.
HD Audio (from English high definition audio - high-definition sound) is an evolutionary continuation of the AC "97 specification, proposed by Intel in 2004, providing playback of more channels with higher sound quality than using the integrated AC "97 audio codecs. HD Audio based hardware supports 24-bit sound quality (up to 192 kHz in stereo, up to 96 kHz in multi-channel - up to 8 channels).
The form factor of codecs and the transfer of information between their elements remained the same. Only the quality of the chips and the approach to sound processing have changed.
motherboard processor video card
A hard disk drive or HDD (eng. hard (magnetic) disk drive, HDD, HMDD), a hard disk, in computer slang "winchemster" - a random access storage device (information storage device) based on the principle of magnetic recording. It is the main storage medium in most computers.
Unlike a "flexible" disk (floppy disk), information in a hard disk drive is recorded on hard (aluminum or glass) plates coated with a layer of ferromagnetic material, most often chromium dioxide - magnetic disks. The HDD uses one or more platters on the same axis. Reading heads in the operating mode do not touch the surface of the plates due to the layer of air flow formed near the surface during rapid rotation. The distance between the head and the disk is several nanometers (in modern disks, about 10 nm), and the absence of mechanical contact ensures a long service life of the device. In the absence of rotation of the disks, the heads are located at the spindle or outside the disk in a safe zone, where their abnormal contact with the surface of the disks is excluded.
Also, unlike a floppy disk, a storage medium is usually combined with a drive, a drive, and an electronics unit. Such hard drives are often used as non-removable storage media.
Characteristics
Interface (English interface) is a technical means of interaction between 2 dissimilar devices, which in the case of hard drives is a set of communication lines, signals sent over these lines, technical means that support these lines (interface controllers), and rules (protocol ) exchange. Modern commercially available internal hard drives can use ATA (aka IDE and PATA), SATA, eSATA, SCSI, SAS, FireWire, SDIO, and Fiber Channel interfaces.
Capacity is the amount of data that can be stored on the drive. Since the creation of the first hard drives, as a result of continuous improvement in data recording technology, their maximum possible capacity has been continuously increasing. The capacity of modern hard drives (with a form factor of 3.5 inches) for September 2011 reaches 4000 GB (4 terabytes) and is close to 5 TB. In contrast to the system of prefixes adopted in computer science, denoting a multiple of 1024 (see: binary prefixes), manufacturers use values that are multiples of 1000 when designating the capacity of hard drives. Thus, the capacity of a hard drive marked as “200 GB” is 186.2 GiB.
Physical size (form factor; English dimension) - almost all drives of 2001-2008 for personal computers and servers have a width of either 3.5 or 2.5 inches - the size of standard mounts for them, respectively, in desktop computers and laptops. 1.8, 1.3, 1 and 0.85 inch formats have also become widespread. The production of drives in the form factors of 8 and 5.25 inches has been discontinued.
Random access time is the average time it takes a hard drive to position a read/write head to an arbitrary section of a magnetic disk. The range of this parameter is from 2.5 to 16 ms. As a rule, disks for servers have the minimum time (for example, Hitachi Ultrastar 15K147 has 3.7 ms), the largest of the current ones are disks for portable devices (Seagate Momentus 5400.3 - 12.5 ms). For comparison, for SSD drives, this parameter is less than 1 ms.
Spindle speed - the number of revolutions of the spindle per minute. Access time and average data transfer rate largely depend on this parameter. Currently, hard drives are produced with the following standard rotation speeds: 4200, 5400 and 7200 (laptops), 5400, 5900, 7200 and 10,000 (personal computers), 10,000 and 15,000 rpm (servers and high-performance workstations). An increase in the speed of rotation of the spindle in hard drives for laptops is hindered by the gyroscopic effect, the influence of which is negligible in stationary computers.
Reliability -- defined as mean time between failures (MTBF). Also, the vast majority of modern drives support S.M.A.R.T.
The number of input-output operations per second (eng. IOPS) - for modern disks is about 50 ops / s for random access to the drive and about 100 ops / sec for sequential access.
Power consumption is an important factor for mobile devices.
Shock resistance (eng. G-shock rating) - the drive's resistance to sudden pressure surges or shocks, measured in units of permissible overload in the on and off state.
Transfer Rate for serial access:
Inner zone of the disk: from 44.2 to 74.5 Mb / s;
Outer disk zone: 60.0 to 111.4 Mb/s.
Buffer Size -- A buffer is an intermediate memory designed to smooth out differences in read/write speed and interface transfer speed. In modern disks, it usually varies from 8 to 64 MB.
Device
The hard disk consists of a containment area and an electronics unit.
containment area
The containment area includes a body made of a durable alloy, the actual disks (plates) with a magnetic coating, in some models separated by separators, as well as a head unit with a positioning device, and an electric spindle drive.
Contrary to popular belief, in the vast majority of devices there is no vacuum inside the containment. Some manufacturers make it airtight (hence the name) and fill it with purified and dried air or neutral gases, in particular nitrogen, and a thin metal or plastic membrane is installed to equalize the pressure. (In this case, a small pocket is provided inside the hard drive case for a bag of silica gel to absorb water vapor left inside the case after it has been sealed.) Other manufacturers equalize pressure through a small orifice with a filter capable of trapping very fine (several micrometers) particles. However, in this case, the humidity is also equalized, and harmful gases can also penetrate. Pressure equalization is necessary to prevent deformation of the containment housing due to changes in atmospheric pressure (for example, in an airplane) and temperature, as well as when the device warms up during operation.
Dust particles that ended up in the hermetic area during assembly and fell on the surface of the disk are carried off during rotation to another filter - a dust collector.
The head block is a package of brackets (levers) made of elastic steel (usually a pair for each disk). At one end they are fixed on the axis near the edge of the disk. Heads are fixed at the other ends (above the disks).
Disks (plates) are usually made of a metal alloy. Although there have been attempts to make them from plastic and even glass (IBM), such plates have proven to be brittle and short-lived. Both planes of the plates, like a tape, are covered with the finest dust of a ferromagnet - oxides of iron, manganese and other metals. The exact composition and application technology are a trade secret. Most budget devices contain one or two platters, but there are models with more platters.
The discs are rigidly fixed on the spindle. During operation, the spindle rotates at a speed of several thousand revolutions per minute (from 3600 to 15,000). At this speed, a powerful air flow is created near the surface of the plate, which lifts the heads and makes them float above the surface of the plate. The shape of the heads is calculated in such a way as to ensure the optimum distance from the insert during operation. Until the disks have accelerated to the speed necessary for the “take-off” of the heads, the parking device keeps the heads in the parking zone. This prevents damage to the heads and the working surface of the inserts. The spindle motor of the hard disk is three-phase synchronous, which ensures the stability of the rotation of magnetic disks mounted on the axis (spindle) of the motor. The motor stator contains three windings connected by a "star" with a tap in the middle, and the rotor is a permanent sectional magnet.
Separator (separator) - a plate made of plastic or aluminum, located between the plates of magnetic disks and above the top plate of a magnetic disk. It is used to equalize air flows inside the containment area.
The head positioning device (servo drive, jargon actuator) is a low-inertia solenoid motor. It consists of a stationary pair of strong neodymium permanent magnets, as well as a coil (solenoid) on a movable head block bracket.
The principle of operation of the engine is as follows: the winding is inside the stator (usually two fixed magnets), the current supplied with different strengths and polarities makes it accurately position the bracket (rocker) with heads along a radial path. The speed of the positioning device depends on the search time for data on the surface of the plates.
Each drive has a special zone, called the parking zone, where the heads stop when the drive is turned off or is in one of the low power consumption modes. In the parking state, the bracket (rocker arm) of the head unit is in the extreme position and rests against the stroke limiter. During information access operations (read/write), one of the sources of noise is vibration due to impacts of the brackets holding the magnetic heads against the travel limiters in the process of returning the heads to the zero position. To reduce noise, damping washers made of soft rubber are installed on the travel stops. It is possible to significantly reduce the noise of a hard disk programmatically by changing the parameters of the acceleration and deceleration modes of the head unit. For this, a special technology has been developed - Automatic Acoustic Management. Officially, the ability to programmatically control the noise level of a hard drive appeared in the ATA / ATAPI-6 standard (to do this, you need to change the value of the control variable), although some manufacturers have made experimental implementations before.
Electronics block
In early hard drives, the control logic was placed on the MFM or RLL computer controller, and the electronics board contained only modules for analog processing and control of the spindle motor, positioner, and head switch. The increase in data transfer rates forced developers to reduce the length of the analog path to the limit, and in modern hard drives, the electronics unit usually contains: a control unit, read-only memory (ROM), buffer memory, an interface unit and a digital signal processing unit.
The interface box interfaces the hard drive electronics with the rest of the system.
The control unit is a control system that receives electrical signals for positioning the heads and generates control actions with a voice coil drive, switching information flows from various heads, controlling the operation of all other nodes (for example, controlling the spindle speed), receiving and processing signals from the sensors of the device (the sensor system may include a single-axis accelerometer used as a shock sensor, a three-axis accelerometer used as a free fall sensor, a pressure sensor, an angular acceleration sensor, a temperature sensor).
The ROM unit stores control programs for control units and digital signal processing, as well as service information of the hard drive.
The buffer memory smooths out the speed difference between the interface part and the drive (high-speed static memory is used). Increasing the size of the buffer memory in some cases allows you to increase the speed of the drive.
The digital signal processing unit cleans the read analog signal and decodes it (extraction of digital information). For digital processing, various methods are used, for example, the PRML (Partial Response Maximum Likelihood) method. The received signal is compared with the samples. In this case, a sample is selected that is most similar in shape and temporal characteristics to the decoded signal.
Disassembled hard drive Samsung HD753LJ 750 GB
Solenoid fast-response motor magnet that moves the hard drive head
Disassembled hard drive. Solenoid motor top stator plate removed
Computer power supply unit (English power supply unit, PSU - power supply unit, PSU) is a secondary power supply designed to supply computer components with DC electrical energy by converting the mains voltage to the required values.
To some extent, the power supply also:
performs the functions of stabilization and protection against minor interference of the supply voltage;
· Being equipped with a fan, it participates in cooling the components of a personal computer.
The computer cooling system is a set of means for removing heat from computer components that heat up during operation.
Heat can eventually be utilized:
1. To the atmosphere (radiator cooling systems):
2. Passive cooling (heat removal from the radiator is carried out by heat radiation and natural convection)
3. Active cooling (heat removal from the radiator is carried out by radiation (radiation) of heat and forced convection (blowing by fans))
4. Together with the coolant (flow-through water cooling systems)
5. Due to the phase transition of the coolant (systems of open evaporation)
According to the method of heat removal from heating elements, cooling systems are divided into:
1. Air (aerogenic) cooling systems
2. Liquid cooling systems
3. Freon installation
4. Open evaporation systems
There are also combined cooling systems that combine elements of systems of various types:
In this work, I examined the main components of the computer system unit, giving a description of their main characteristics. The work used photographs that I took, as well as some diagrams and materials from the Internet, in particular from WIKIPEDIA.
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Functional-structural organization of computers and the principle of its operation. System unit: microprocessor, RAM, controllers, drives, disk drives, power supply. Physical characteristics of computer components. CPU. Memory.
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Backbone-modular principle of building a computer. Types of system buses: data, address and control. Computer hardware: processor, internal devices, motherboard, chipset, memory, hard drive, video, network and sound card.
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The main parts of a personal computer: the system unit, input and output devices. The main elements of the system unit: motherboard, processor, RAM, cache memory, drives. Operating system, Windows objects, windows.
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Personal computer device: system unit, cooling system, motherboard, processor, video card, sound card. Memory, information storage device. Asus N53SM laptop device: keyboard and touchpad, specifications.
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Characteristics of the devices of the basic configuration of a personal computer: computer power supply, motherboard, processor, sound card, hard drive. Additional external drives. Principles of operation and functions of laser disk drives and discs.
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The main components of the PC system unit, their purpose, functions, interconnection: motherboard, processor, RAM, cables, power supply. Equipment for processing and transmitting graphic elements and sound to a monitor and acoustic systems.
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System unit: case, power supply, hard drive, floppy drive, motherboard, processor. External components: monitor, mouse, keyboard. Holder system on the system unit. Factors favoring the accumulation of static charge.
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Configuration of a modern personal computer. Purpose and types of monitor, modem, system unit, printer, keyboard. Motherboard, processor, RAM. Assembling a computer, installing components. Workplace safety.
P PC software
Program - a special type of information in the form of binary codes, perceived by the processor as a command to perform some action. Program files, along with files of other types, are stored on information storage devices, are read from them into RAM to run, and, at the end of work, are deleted from RAM. Programs that remain in RAM after loading for the duration of the computer are called resident programs.
System programs - programs that ensure the operation of a computer, computer networks, peripheral devices. Application programs - programs designed to solve user problems. Tool programs - programs that provide the ability to create new programs (programming languages).
Operating systems are programs that control the operation of a computer. Examples: MS DOS, Linux, WINDOWS. Network systems - programs that ensure the operation of computer networks. Examples: Novell Netware, LANtastic. Currently, network systems are included in the operating systems. Examples: WINDOWS XP, WINDOWS 2000. Internet browsers can also be attributed to the same class of programs. For example, MS Internet Explorer, Opera. Shell programs - programs designed to create user-friendly working conditions. Examples: Norton Commander, Far, Total Commander. Shell programs act as add-ons to operating systems, allowing the user to perform the same operations faster and more visually. Drivers are programs that control the operation of peripheral devices. Service programs (utilities) are designed to perform various auxiliary operations - checking the health of equipment, archiving files, fighting computer viruses, formatting disks, etc. For example, WinRar, KAV, Scandisk.
Narrow professional programs include a huge variety of special-purpose programs aimed at specialists in a particular field. For example, for calculating the strength of building structures, managing the operation of a nuclear power plant, accounting calculations, etc. However, regardless of the type of activity, any employee is often faced with the need to prepare some text documents, such as statements, reports, business letters, etc. For these purposes, special programs are used - text editors. For example, Word, Writer. A variety of text editors are publishing systems used in the publication of books, magazines, newspapers, advertisements. For automated processing of data in tabular form, special programs are used - spreadsheets. For example Excel, Calc. Database management systems (DBMS) - programs for working with databases. For example, MS Access, Oracle, MySQL. Graphics programs include a large number of programs of different levels. From simple graphic editors designed to perform simple drawings (for example, Paint), retouching and editing complex drawings, photographs (Adobe Photoshop), creating cartoons (Corel Draw), to complex engineering graphics systems - computer-aided design systems (AutoCAD). Game and educational programs are designed for recreation and learning.
PC hardware .
|
System unit |
The system unit is the main node inside which the most important components are installed. Devices inside the system unit are called internal, and devices connected to it from the outside are called external (peripheral). |
|
Shows information on the screen. There are several types - LCD (TFT) and CRT. Monitors are characterized by dimensions (14, 15, 17 or more inches diagonally), refresh rate (85Hz, 100Hz or more) and maximum resolution (800x600, 1024x768, 1280x1024 or more). Some monitors have built-in speakers, a microphone, a USB hub, and a TV tuner. |
|
 Keyboard |
The keyboard is designed for user input. Her appearance is usually standard, but sometimes. Some keyboards may have additional (multimedia) keys. |
 |
The mouse is for user input. Most often there are 2 or 3 button mice. Some have a scroll wheel for better window handling. Usually connected to a computer with a cord, but there are also wireless mice. The main characteristic of a mouse is its resolution (dots per inch (dpi)). |
 |
A device designed to display text and graphic information on paper. There are matrix, inkjet, laser, sublimation and LED printers (arranged in order of improving print quality and speed). Printers are available in color and black and white. |
 |
A device that allows you to display graphic information on paper or other media. Typical tasks for plotters are the execution of various drawings, diagrams, drawings, graphs, maps, etc. Modern plotters are classified according to the format of paper used and the type of writing mechanism. |
|
Scanner - a device for entering text and graphic information into a computer. Scanners are handheld, flatbed, drum, bar-scanners, desktop, floor. |
|
 Digitizer (tablet) |
A device for entering graphic information into a computer, drawing on a pressure-sensitive tablet, with a special pencil - stylus. The image from the tablet is transferred to the monitor screen. The digitizer comes with a mouse. Tablet format - from A4 to A0. This device is necessary for designers and graphic artists. |
 |
A device that allows a computer to communicate with another computer through telephone lines. According to their appearance and installation location, modems are divided into internal and external. Internal modems are an electronic board installed directly into the computer, while external modems are a stand-alone device connected to one of the ports. The main parameter in the operation of the modem is the data transfer rate (kilobits per second, Kbps). |
 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) |
A device designed to protect your computer from power surges or power outages. The UPS instantly switches the computer to battery backup power during power fluctuations, allowing you to continue working during a short power outage or gracefully shut down during a long power outage. |
 Microphone |
To record sound. They differ in price and quality. There are handheld and fixed microphones. |
|
For listening to music and sounds. There are different sizes and capacities. |
|
 Webcam |
With its help, you can arrange video conferences over the network. Characterized by resolution and number of frames per second. |
|
Joystick |
A manipulator in the form of a hinged handle with buttons, used in computer games. |
|
MIDI keyboard |
Allows musicians and anyone else to play and record melodies. A sound card is required. |
 Motherboard |
The largest board in a computer. It is intended for communication of all internal devices of the PC among themselves. It contains many controllers, each of which is responsible for communicating with a specific device, CMOS, BIOS, integrated devices. |
 Microprocessor |
Engaged in information processing. It is characterized by bit depth (16-, 32-, 64-bit) and clock frequency (measured in megahertz or gigahertz). The higher the clock frequency, the higher the performance. The clock frequency indicates how many elementary operations (cycles) are performed in one second. Currently the most popular processors are "Intel" and "Athlon". |
 |
Random Access Memory (Random Access Memory). Stores current information. When the power is turned off, all information in RAM is lost. It is characterized by volume in megabytes. Typical values: 64, 128, 256 MB. |
 |
Persistent storage device. Stores information about various devices, as well as a program for testing hardware and loading the operating system. |
|
video card |
Serves as an intermediary between the processor and the monitor. It is characterized by the amount of RAM (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and more MB) and supported screen resolutions (640x480, 800x600, 1024x768 and higher). Some graphics cards may have a built-in TV tuner or 3D accelerator. Some devices support output to a TV or two monitors at the same time. |
|
Sound card |
A device needed for editing and inputting/outputting sound through a microphone and speakers. The main characteristic of a sound card is its bit depth (there are 8, 16 and 20 bit (bit) cards). |
 |
With it, you can use your computer as a TV (or radio), as well as record programs on your hard drive. |
|
LAN card |
To communicate with other computers over a local area network. Characterized by data transfer rate (10, 100, 1000 Mbps). Some devices use twisted pair for transmission, some use coaxial cable. |
 Hard disk (hard drive, HDD) |
Stores user data, application programs, and the operating system. Required to save information after turning off the computer. It is characterized by the amount of stored information (from hundreds of megabytes to hundreds of gigabytes) and data transfer speed. They have SCSI, IDE interface. Information is stored on one or more round plates with a magnetic layer, over which magnetic recording heads fly. |
 floppy drive |
Floppy disk drives (floppy disks, floppy disks) allow you to transfer documents from one computer to another, store information. The main disadvantage of the drive is its small capacity (only 1.44 MB) and the unreliability of information storage. |
 CD (DVD) devices |
A CD-ROM drive (CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD-RW) is designed to read and write data to CDs. Advantages of the device - large disk capacity, fast access, reliability, versatility, low cost. |
 |
Streamers allow you to record a huge amount of information on a small tape cassette. The hardware compression tools built into the streamer allow you to automatically compress information before writing it and restore it after reading it, which increases the amount of information stored. The disadvantage of streamers is their relatively low speed of recording, searching and reading information. |
Hardware is a set of technical means (electronic and mechanical devices) that both ensure the normal functioning of any electronic systems - computers, data transmission networks, and expand their basic functions.
Actually, this was the main task of its developers - to create a device that could be modified gradually, as funds become available, and the base can be assembled at the most minimal cost and immediately get to work.
So, what “minimum” should a personal computer consist of in order to work comfortably on it? In order for the user to immediately start working on a PC, he must have the following minimum set of components:
In fact, the system unit is not some one, separate part of a personal computer that performs a single function, such as a keyboard or mouse (data entry and control). The system unit contains a whole set of devices, each of which performs a number of specific actions.
The case of the system unit can have two modifications:
The electronic device that is the center of the entire system. Other components of the system unit and external peripherals are connected to the motherboard using special connectors.
It is the "brain" of the digital system. It is he who, executing the commands of the software (programs loaded into the computer), makes the motherboard work and perform various actions - read data from the keyboard, display an image on a monitor, print on a printer, etc.
Physically, a microprocessor is an integrated circuit - a thin plate of rectangular crystalline silicon with an area of only a few square millimeters, on which circuits are placed that implement all the functions of the processor. The wafer crystal is usually placed in a plastic or ceramic flat case and is connected by gold wires to metal pins so that it can be attached to the computer motherboard.
For personal computers, the most widely used processors are Intel, AMD and Motorola (for Macintosh computers). Additional information about them can be found on the websites of processor manufacturers:
An electronic component that allows the processor to store the necessary data during its operation. This memory is called RAM - Random Access Memory. Memory holds data as long as power is applied to it. When the computer is turned off, all memory contents are erased.
In case there is a need to store data when the power is off, there is another type of memory called ROM - Read Only Memory. Such a memory, if data is written to it, will store them regardless of whether power is supplied to it or not.
There are two types of ROM. In some, data can be changed many times, they are called RPZU (reprogrammable, read-only memory), and directly ROM - data is written to it only once. You can't change them anymore. Such ROMs are used where high reliability of storing the same data is required.
It has another well-established name - " Winchester". The device is designed to write and read various user data - programs, photos, videos, texts, etc., is available in various capacities - from several gigabytes to several terabytes.
For reference: old hard drives had a much smaller volume - from a few megabytes to 1 gigabyte.
It is used in the system unit as the main storage of all data, as it has a high read-write speed (much higher than that of devices for working with optical disks and flash drives).
In contrast to the system of prefixes adopted in computer science, kilo, mega, giga, tera, denoting powers of two (kilo = 2 10 = 1 024, mega = 2 20 = 1 048 576, giga = 2 30 = 1 073 741 824, tera = 2 40 = 1 099 511 627 776, etc.), manufacturers use values in multiples of a thousand when designating the capacity of hard drives (kilo = 10 3 = 1 000, mega = 10 6 = 1 000 000, giga = 10 9 = 1 000 000,000, tera = 10 12 = 1,000,000,000,000, etc.).
For example, the actual capacity of a hard drive labeled 200 GB is 186.2 GB.
In addition to internal hard drives, there are also external (portable) hard drives that can be moved from machine to machine using special boxes or adapters.
External hard drives have their own case and power supply, which saves space inside the computer case and reduces the load on the computer's power supply.
Depending on the types of optical discs from which it can work, it is called: CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, BD-ROM, to work with CD, DVD, BD-disks, respectively.
CD-ROM- an optical disk for writing once and reading many times, a read-only memory device on a compact disk with a diameter of 5.25 inches.
CD- the most common medium for replicating music. It is a transparent polymer disk with a diameter of 12 cm and a thickness of 1.2 mm, on one side of which a reflective aluminum layer is sprayed, protected from damage by a layer of transparent varnish. The coating thickness is several ten-thousandths of a millimeter.
CDs typically hold up to 650 megabytes of information (or 74 minutes of audio). There is an assumption that the developers calculated the volume so that Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, which lasts exactly 74 minutes, would completely fit on the disk.
Cm. .
Read/write speed of CD-ROM drive is specified as a multiple of 150 KB/s. For example, a 52-speed CD-ROM drive provides a maximum disk read (or write) speed of 52*150 = 7800 KB/s (7.62 MB/s).
There are two types of discs that can be recorded on a recorder: CD-R (Compact Disk Recordable) discs that are written once and CD-RW (Compact Disk Rewritable) discs that are written repeatedly.
DVD-ROM- this is an optical disc, the same size as a CD, but with a larger capacity (from 4.7 GB).
A DVD may have one or two working sides and one or two working layers on each side. The capacity of the disk depends on their number:
DVD read/write speed specified as a multiple of 1350 KB/s, i.e. a 16-speed drive reads (or writes) disks at 16x1350 = 21,600 KB/s (21.09 MB/s). To work with DVD-ROM, you need to connect a DVD-ROM drive (drive) to your computer. Note that the DVD-ROM drive can also read CDs.
A special board that is installed in the system unit and allows you to display images on a monitor or a modern LED or LCD TV.
The amount of processing power the video card is installed in the system unit determines its graphic properties - image resolution, the number of reproduced colors, color depth, image display speed, video image processing speed and a number of additional parameters.
Modern video adapters have memory that allows you not to use the computer's RAM to form an image. The memory of video adapters is called video memory. In addition, most video adapters have their own graphics co-processors required for image processing. Such adapters are often referred to as graphics accelerators.
This component provides reading of various modern storage media ("flash cards"), from other digital devices - smartphones, cameras, camcorders, etc.
Obsolete, not installed in new models. A device for reading media on magnetic disks - diskettes. To date, it has been completely replaced by modern USB - "flash drives" and "flash cards".
A floppy disk is a 3.5-inch polymer disk with a ferromagnetic coating, enclosed in a plastic case. Disk capacity 1.44 MB. As you can see, this is a very small storage medium. Used to transfer data from one computer to another and to create backups for small documents.
A floppy disk drive is called a floppy disk drive (FDD) or drive.
Floppy disks are the slowest storage devices on a computer. The speed of data exchange between a floppy disk and a computer is only 250 Kb / s.
The name of this block speaks for itself - the device provides power to all components that make up the system unit. The power of this unit should be enough for the normal operation of all components, otherwise it will quickly fail due to overload.
From the purpose of the main components, it can be seen that it is the system unit that provides computing functions and control of external, peripheral devices - a monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, and so on. It is from its "computing power" that the speed of the entire personal computer as a whole depends.
It is a device for entering information into a computer. It contains a set of letters and numbers corresponding to the typewriter standard, as well as additional keys that serve to control the cursor and perform different functions depending on the software (function keys).
The layout of the keys on the keyboard has a certain standardized layout (order), which is called qwerty. Recently, keyboards with additional keys for controlling the multimedia functions of a computer - sound, video, launching players, as well as for quick navigation on the Internet - are becoming more widespread.
The "classic" keyboard model has 102 keys.
In addition, connectors for connecting USB drives are increasingly appearing on the keyboard case, which is very convenient. In this case, you do not need to reach for the PC case in order to connect the "flash drive".
Which of the modern keyboards to use is up to the user. There can be only one recommendation here - it should be convenient and comfortable for you to “press” the keys in the process of working so that your hands get tired as little as possible.
The keyboard is connected to a PC either by wire to a special "keyboard" port or to a universal USB port. There are also "wireless models" that communicate with the computer using BlueTooth technology, or with the help of a small device that comes with the keyboard that connects to the USB port. In this case, the keyboard can be "moved away" from the personal computer even by several meters, since all interaction is carried out at radio frequencies over the air.
The world famous QWERTY keyboard layout appeared in its final form in 1878 due to the fact that it provides the highest typing performance. Previously, the buttons on printers were arranged alphabetically, which often led to typing errors that, during fast printing, were “noticed” by the operator only when the carriage returned.
Cm. .
It is a device for controlling the graphic pointer (arrow) on the screen in applications. Using this manipulator, you can move graphic objects, press virtual buttons, and perform certain actions. The main advantage of the "mouse" is the ability to instantly move the pointer to any point on the screen.
As a rule, all modern models of this device have several (two or more) additional buttons, one of which, as a rule, imitates pressing the Enter key, and the other calls the main menu for working with the operating system. In addition, the manipulator is equipped with additional (1-2) "scroll wheels" for convenient, smooth movement of the image on the screen.
This device is connected either wired to the PS / 2 or USB ports, or wirelessly, as is the case with the keyboard. As a rule, manufacturers offer to purchase a complete set at once - keyboard + mouse. This method is convenient because only one wireless device is inserted into the computer and only one USB port is occupied.
Douglas Engelbart, the inventor of the well-known computer device called the mouse, originally drew the cursor pointer vertically in the explanations! But due to the small, at that time, resolution of monitors, it was impossible to draw a pointer that looked beautiful on the screen. Therefore, the pointer began to be displayed on screens with one vertical edge, and the other at an angle of 45 degrees. It is noteworthy that even after the advent of high-resolution devices, the mouse pointer has remained unchanged until now.
Cm. .
The old name for this device is display. One of the important parts of a personal computer. Not only the quality of the image displayed on the screen, but also the comfort of working behind it will depend on the technical capabilities of the monitor.
According to their design, all modern monitors can be divided into four types:
These devices are characterized by the following parameters:
When choosing a monitor, keep in mind that the higher the screen resolution, the better and “clearer” the displayed image. Today, for the comfortable work of a home user of a modern PC, a monitor with a 24-25 inch screen with a resolution of 1920x1080 is quite enough.
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Lecture number 1. Introduction to computer technology.
Information. Information properties.
File. File options.
PC hardware.
PC software.
personal computer (PC) is called an electronic computer (computer), designed for one user and controlled by one person.
Modern PCs are characterized by:
small size (the PC is placed on the desktop, leaving room for a telephone, books, notebooks, etc.),
the ability for the user to work with the PC personally, without the mediation of a professional programmer,
low consumption of electrical energy,
convenience and comfort of communication between the user and the PC.
Thanks to the development of local and global computer networks, a PC user can use them to receive any information from any libraries, information centers, both in their region, and in the country and around the world.
Computers perform two main functions:
processing and storage of information
exchange of information with external entities.
The performance of these functions is carried out with the help of two components of the computer: software and hardware.
Under hardware usually understand all the nodes, modules and blocks that make up a computer or computer system. Modern computers use the so-called "open architecture", i.e. The computer hardware can be changed by changing one of the modules, or expanded by inserting an additional module.
Modern PC hardware includes the following:
system unit,
PC input devices (e.g. keyboard),
devices for outputting information from a PC (for example, a monitor).
The system unit, keyboard and monitor together make up a personal computer in a minimal configuration, i.e. allow you to work with information on a computer (Fig. 1).
Cases of system units are of several types: vertical (tower), horizontal (desktop), monoblock (system unit and monitor in one case). There are portable computers such as Notebook (laptop) designed to run on battery power.
Fig.1. Personal computer in the minimum configuration.
Inside the system unit are located:
power supply,
motherboard (system) board
CPU,
inner memory,
HDD,
floppy drive.
In the system unit of modern PCs, there are almost always also:
CD-ROM drive
sound card,
LAN card.
The block diagram of the PC is shown in Figure 2.
|
CPU |
Inner memory |
Devices |
|||||||||
|
registers |
I/O |
||||||||||
|
Tire system |
|||||||||||
Fig.2. Block diagram of a PC.
CPU is the "brain" of any computer. The processor performs all calculations (arithmetic and logical operations), interacts with memory and controls all PC components. Thus, the processor includes the following parts:
arithmetic logic unit (ALU),
control device (CU).
internal registers - memory cells inside the processor chip, designed to store intermediate information.
The most important characteristics of the processor that determine its performance (the number of operations per unit time) are: clock frequency, bit depth, amount of addressable memory.
Clock frequency determines the speed of execution of operations in the processor. Increasing the clock speed increases the performance of the processor. Modern processors have clock speeds of 400-1000 MHz or more.
Bit depth processed data - the number of bits of information simultaneously input to the processor and output from it. The greater the bit depth, the more information the processor can process per unit of time. The bit depth of modern processors is 32 and 64 bits.
Addressable memory(address space) - the maximum number of main memory cells that can be directly addressed by the processor. Because Since modern processors have an address bus size of 32 bits, they have 4 GB of addressable memory.
