Today, the Internet already has an information base available for experiments of such a volume that it was previously difficult to imagine. Moreover, the volume of this database exceeds by several orders of magnitude everything that was available a decade ago. In August 2005, Yahoo announced that it had indexed about 20 billion documents. Last year's achievement Google amounted to less than 10 billion documents, i.e. in one year, the amount of open, accessible information from the Internet has doubled. According to the Web Server Survey in August 2005, the number of Web sites exceeded 72 million. Thus, the presented data confirm the exponential nature of information growth.
This growth is accompanied by a number of challenges, such as:
1) a disproportionate increase in the level of information noise;
3) weak structured information;
4) repeated duplication of information.
The traditional Web also has such disadvantages as an abundance of "information garbage", the impossibility of guaranteeing the integrity of documents, the practical absence of the possibility of semantic search, and limited access to the "hidden" Web.
The information space is a set of results of the semantic activity of mankind. It can be understood both in a figurative sense and in an idealistic one, the latter approach is developed in philosophy, as well as in para- and pseudo-scientific studies, then the information space can be understood as “the world of names and titles associated with the ontological” (physical).
The information space can also be considered a set of banks and databases, technologies for their maintenance and use, information telecommunication systems operating on the basis of general principles and providing:
1) information interaction of organizations and citizens;
2) satisfaction of their information needs.
Strictly speaking, the information space, being one of the primary concepts, cannot be precisely defined. Most often, this term is understood as a logical opposition to the objective (objective, physical, material) world.
It is generally considered that the information space is the same as the semantic space. From a practical point of view, it is.
The main components of the information space are: informational resources, means of information interaction and information infrastructure.
The problem of "knowledge", most likely, will never be reduced to any set of tasks that could be finally solved in a purely technological way. On the contrary, it will apparently require serious research in various directions, including at a fairly high level. theoretical level. One of the central issues in this regard, in our opinion, is the relationship between the information and semantic space, which, as a rule, is given unreasonably little attention. In the literature, they are often even identified, without any reason. The fact that these two categories are in no way identical, obviously follows from the difference in their nature: the information space is formed by data physically recorded on various media, while the semantic space is generated by complexes of abstract concepts associated with subjective assessments given by a person. It seems most natural to define the network semantic space as a set of units of meaning that are relevant in a given socio-cultural context and represented in the network. Under the unit of meaning, we, as usual, understand an elementary category that allows us to build subjective value judgments about things and processes related to the world around us. In real life, there is certainly a very definite connection between them, but finding this connection, apparently, is a very non-trivial task.
Fundamentals of searching for information on the Internet.
The search for information is a task that mankind has been solving for many centuries. As the volume of information resources potentially available to one person (for example, a library visitor) grew, more and more sophisticated and sophisticated search tools and techniques were developed to find the required document.
All the means and methods of information search found over many years are available and effective when searching for information on the Internet.
Consider the general scheme: the author creates a document. The user has an information need. This information need often (as a rule) cannot even be accurately expressed in words, and is expressed only in the assessment of viewed documents - suitable or not suitable. In the theory of information retrieval, instead of the word “suitable”, the term “pertinent document” is used, and instead of “not suitable”, “not pertinent”. The word "pertinent" comes from the English "pertinent", which means "relevant to the case, suitable in essence." The subjectively understood goal of information retrieval is to find all pertinent and only pertinent documents (we want to find "just what we want and nothing else").
This goal is ideal and yet unattainable. We are often only able to evaluate the pertinence of a document in comparison to other documents. In order to have something to compare with, a certain number of non-pertinent documents are needed. These documents are called - "noise". Too much noise makes it difficult to identify pertinent documents, too little noise does not give confidence that a sufficient number of pertinent documents have been found. Practice shows that when the number of non-pertinent documents lies in the range from 10% to 30%, the seeker feels comfortable not getting lost in a sea of noise and considering that the number of documents found is satisfactory.
When there are many documents, an information retrieval system is used. In this case, the information need must be expressed by means that information retrieval systems "understand" - a Request must be formulated.
A query can rarely accurately express an information need. However, many information retrieval systems, for reasons described below, cannot determine whether a given document matches a query. To solve this problem, a synthetic criterion was introduced - the degree of compliance of the document with the request, which is called "relevance". A relevant document may not be pertinent and vice versa.
The structure of the information space.
Structure is a set of stable relationships and connections between the elements of the system. The structure includes the general organization of the system (object, process, phenomenon), the spatial and temporal arrangement of the components of the system, etc. The structure is formed not by any connections and relations, but, first of all, by natural, essential ones. The most important connections and relations (among the essential ones) are called integrating; they affect other regular connections, causing the general specificity of structures within the system.
The main structural components of the information space in its synergetic representation are information fields and information flows.
The information field is the totality of all concentrated in given volume space-time information, regardless of its form and state, which is in isolation both from the object of reflection and from the subject of perception. The information field is formed by objective, genetic and idealized information. The movement of information in the information field is carried out through a physical connection between the recipient and the source of information materialized in the information flow.
The information flow is generally a set of information moving in the information space through a communication channel. Information flows can flow both within individual infospheres and between them, depending on the availability of communication channels. At the same time, the meaningful nature of the information flow depends on the characteristics of the communication channel, so to transfer the information flow about a graphic object, it is necessary to use a communication channel that ensures the transmission of visual images (images), otherwise inaccuracies and distortions of the content of the information transmitted in the information flow and its perception by the recipient.
In the organizational and technical aspect, the structure of the information space is made up of a set of databases and data banks, technologies for their use, information and telecommunication systems, networks, applications and organizational structures that operate on the basis of certain principles and according to established rules that ensure the information interaction of users, as well as satisfaction their information needs.
An information system is an organizationally ordered set of specialists, information resources (document arrays) and information technologies, including using computer science and communications that implement information processes - obtaining input data. Processing this data and / or changing one's own internal state (internal connections / relations), issuing a result, or changing one's external state (external connections / relations).
Information systems are conventionally divided into simple and complex.
A simple information system is a system whose elements function in accordance with the rules generated by the same mutually consistent set of axioms.
A complex information system is a system that contains elements that function in accordance with the rules generated by different sets of axioms. At the same time, it is assumed that among the rules for the functioning of various elements there may be mutually contradictory rules and goals. Violation of protective barriers in the interaction of elements of a complex system with each other leads to the reprogramming of these elements and / or their destruction.
The means of providing automated information systems and their technologies include software, technical, linguistic, legal, organizational tools (programs for electronic computers; computer equipment and communications; dictionaries, thesauri and classifiers; instructions and methods; regulations, charters, job descriptions; schemes and their descriptions, other operational and accompanying documentation) used or created in the design of information systems and ensuring their operation.
The composition of the technological and organizational components of the information space in a generalized version includes:
1) Information and telecommunications infrastructure - computers geographically distributed in the country (countries, world), interconnected in a network by means of communication and telecommunications.
Information infrastructure is an environment that provides the ability to collect, transfer, store, automated processing and dissemination of information in society. The information infrastructure of society is formed by a combination of:
a) information and telecommunication systems and communication networks, the industry of informatization, telecommunications and communications;
b) systems for the formation and preservation of information resources; systems for providing access to information and telecommunication systems, communication networks and information resources;
c) the information services industry and the information market;
d) systems of training and retraining of personnel, conducting scientific research.
2) Information resources on machine media, primarily specialized information arrays in the form of automated databases, as well as information resources distributed over WEB sites in Internet networks. Information resources include individual documents and individual arrays of documents, documents and arrays of documents in information systems(libraries, archives, collections, data banks, knowledge bases, other information systems). Information resources are objects of relations of physical, legal entities, states. Information resources can be state and non-state, and as an element of the composition of property be owned by citizens, state authorities, local governments, organizations and public associations.
There are a number of features that distinguish information resources from other types of resources:
a) they are not consumed and are subject not to physical, but to obsolescence;
b) they are inherently intangible and irreducible to the physical medium in which they are embodied;
c) their use allows to sharply reduce the consumption of other types of resources, which ultimately leads to enormous cost savings;
the process of their creation and use is carried out with the help of computer technology.
3) Methods and means of applied mathematics - algorithms and software(complexes) that ensure the functioning of hardware platforms (systems).
4) Organizational measures that ensure the functioning of the components of the information space (conferences, activities of working groups of specialists, etc.).
5) Legal measures (norms) - information legislation, international agreements and treaties, other national and international normative legal acts.
6) The market of information technologies, means of communication, informatization and telecommunications, information products and services.
The information space of social systems includes the following:
1) Information space units that generate information:
a) in the media - group communicators (editions of the media) and key communicators (communicators directly included in the editorial offices of the media, personifying the information of this media);
b) newsmakers (eng. Newsmaker - literally "creator of news") - leaders of public opinion (politicians, economic leaders, representatives of the cultural elite, etc.);
c) experts (interpreters) - specialists who actively and professionally work with information; their comments (interpretation) determine the nature and form information flows(political scientists, economists, sociologists, etc.);
d) opinion leaders - quite active people, unlike the above categories, not tied to certain channels of information dissemination, having a total need for information dissemination (in small and medium social groups);
e) producers of special information (theater, cinema, advertising in all its manifestations outside the media, fashion, goods, money (in mass communications), architecture, etc.).
2) Communication channels:
a) formed by the media and MC (printed, electronic and other media);
b) channels of interpersonal communication (interpersonal communication);
c) specialized - aimed at narrow groups - professional, elite, etc. (specialized professional publications, partly - Internet);
d) the rest (commodity-money channels).
3) Areas - in social systems are formed according to certain socio-psychological principles, are included in a certain network (information channels). Areas included in certain channels in this moment time, may overlap; there are also areas that are not included in the channel (s), but are influenced by the context, the general rhythm information processes and synchronized through secondary influences.
In relation to information, areas (in social systems) are divided into:
a) information generators (superinnovators) ~ 3%;
b) innovators (quickly accept new things from generators) ~ 15%;
c) center (moderate innovators / moderate conservatives) ~ 30%;
d) superconservatives (practically do not perceive changes due to rigid internal barriers to everything new) ~ 15%.
One of these components is, in particular, a virtual reality, formed in the form of virtual analogues of real objects and processes (for example, chats and forums, electronic banking, electronic commerce system, geographic information systems, electronic document management systems, computer-aided design systems and simulation of physical processes, etc.), which are based on appropriate software -hardware platforms and information and telecommunication networks and communication systems. Which is perceived by a person (user) as a model-substitute for the actual reality or as a kind of reality that is primary in relation to objective reality.
The mass creation of information resources integrated into the global information space, such as WEB sites and the publication of materials in the "online" mode (from the English on-line - "on the line"), creates a situation where users cannot benefit from this, because as the amount of information resources they need to control becomes too large. Thus, information that is important for users (in principle, available in the information space) is not technically available, since it requires too much time and / or money to “bypass” the necessary resources. As a result, there are qualitatively new changes in the structuring of the information space. These changes are in the "professional segmentation" of the information space of global information networks First of all, the Internet. Members of a particular professional community use a common standard for presenting their resources online. This allows them to launch a network service that, with a given regularity, collects additions / updates from private information resources (WEB sites) into a single database. If this system of resources includes all the information resources of the professional community, then control over receipts in this integral database replaces control over the content of the original set of resources.
Mass "professional segmentation" of information resources in global networks, in principle, gives significant advantages. It is possible, first of all, where there are sufficiently large professional communities (or interest groups), whose members conduct their information activity online.
Thus, the information space is a rather broad concept that different researchers interpret in different ways, but most scientists agree that the information space is a virtual opportunity to receive and use information, part of what we touch and see.
One of promising directions is the creation and development of the information space scientific communications designed to provide info-communication support for the scientific research process. Next, we will consider in more detail the structure and functions of the information space of scientific research.
Information space
Information space
Information space - a set of (1) banks and databases, (2) technologies for their maintenance and use, (3) information telecommunication systems operating on the basis of general principles and providing:
- information interaction of organizations and citizens; And
- meeting their information needs.
The main components of the information space are: (1) information resources, (2) means of information interaction and (3) information infrastructure.
In English: information space
See also: Information spaces Information systems
Finam Financial Dictionary.
information space- 1. Integral electronic information space formed by using electronic networks. 2. Spheres in the modern public life of the world in which information communications play a leading role. In this sense, the concept ... ...
Information space- a set of databases and data banks, information and telecommunication networks and systems, as well as technologies for their maintenance and use, functioning on the basis of general principles and according to the rules that ensure the information interaction of organizations ... ... Official terminology
A set of banks and databases, technologies for their maintenance and use, information telecommunication systems operating on the basis of general principles and providing: information interaction between organizations and citizens; ... ... Glossary of business terms
This term has other meanings, see Space. The information space is the totality of the results of the semantic activity of mankind. The information space is the "world of names and titles" associated with the physical. ... ... Wikipedia
Information space of the CIS- a set of national information spaces of the CIS member states interacting on the basis of relevant interstate agreements in agreed areas of activity ... Source: Decision of the Council of CIS Heads of Government About ... ... Official terminology
Information space / INFORMATION SPACE- 1. Integral electronic information space formed by using electronic networks. 2. Those areas in the modern public life of the world in which information communications play a leading role. In this meaning... Explanatory dictionary for information society and new economy
Markets based on information technology. In English: Marketspace See also: Information spaces Information markets Financial Dictionary Finam ... Financial vocabulary
Part of the global information space, limited by the framework of communication networks. In English: Information networks space See also: Information spaces Communication networks Financial Dictionary Finam ... Financial vocabulary
market information space- markets based on information technologies and managed by them. Topics information Technology in general EN marketspace … Technical Translator's Handbook
network information space- an integral part of the global information space, limited by the framework of communication networks. Given the convergence trends, it is practically synonymous with the Internet. Topics… … Technical Translator's Handbook
Protect your back
Rule of thumb: Don't sit with your back to the door. This means you can always get stabbed in the back. You can be betrayed, and you will fail at any intrigues inside the office. In this case, no talismans will help. It is very good to hang an image of a non-pointed mountain on the wall behind you. It may be snowy, but it shouldn't look ominous. It is preferable to choose a mountain landscape without water spaces. Snow is not considered water in this case. An image of a large sea turtle or a photograph of a bank building will also strengthen your position. Try to sit facing your most favorable direction, or one of your best directions, and in such a way that no "poison arrows" are directed at you. Poisoned arrows can be the corners of cabinets and walls, the tables of other employees, holly plants, a ceiling beam.
What's on your table?
Make sure that your review is never disturbed by stacks of folders and piles of papers. The space in front of you must be free. Any heaps of folders and paper delay and accumulate stagnant energy. Tables are preferably wooden, light colors. The dimensions of the desktop that attracts good luck are as follows: length - 152 cm, width - 89 cm, height - 84 cm. Any wishes can be written or even engraved on the stones. Crystals choose to your taste. In order for a company to grow and prosper, its employees must be happy, energetic and cheerful. Get rid of sources of bad qi regularly. Seating employees according to their individual auspicious directions. Happy employees are the best asset of a company.
Your talismans
Even if you work in an office where there are a few other people besides you, and therefore you can’t really influence the choice of your place, you still have the opportunity to change a little working space. It is very good if there are cabinets to the left and right of the desktop as the personification of security. Windows on your left are preferable to those on your right. Remember, desktop north is where you sit. Accordingly, the south is opposite. There is a place for a crystal pyramid. To your left diagonally from yourself, put any symbol of abundance. The most common is Hotei with a bag of money, a dragon or a three-legged frog with a coin in his mouth. If the corporate routine does not imply the presence of Chinese symbols, put any item that symbolizes money for you. For example, an expensive writing set. Don't forget the amazing power of Chinese coins, especially those tied with red silk thread. Put them under your computer or phone. The statuette of Ganesha to your right will provide assistance and protection in business. A figurine of a rooster is an excellent means of protection from envy from colleagues. Put his image on your desktop and let him "peck" all your problems. This will be very effective if the office is cramped. It is believed that a golden-colored porcelain rooster figurine has more power than other colors. Sometimes people suffer because of the only person who spreads gossip and interferes with work. Place a happy Buddha figure on the table facing the person who is the source of your troubles.
Definition 1
There is no exact definition of the information space. Most often under the term "information space" understand the logical opposition to the objective (objective, physical, material) world.
The main components of the information space are:
Definition 2
The totality of all information that has been accumulated by mankind in the course of the development of science, culture, education and practical activities is called information resources.
The user can not only use information resources created by other people, but also make the results of his work available to others. For example, you can create your own website or host your own documents (photos, presentations, text files, audio and video recordings, etc.) on the blog.
When posting information for public access attention should be paid to such a property of information as reliability, to take into account that information should not humiliate the honor and dignity of other people and should not be of a threatening nature. It is also strictly forbidden (and even prosecuted by law) to promote violence, terrorism, ethnic hatred, etc., as well as distribute materials that contain computer viruses.
Modern means of information interaction– means of telecommunications at the level of combining computer networks and means different kind communications (telephone, television, satellite). The complexes that use these tools can be combined into transmission and reception systems to provide information to entire regions of the country. Communication via local or global computer networks can take place in real time (so-called synchronous telecommunications) and with a delay in time (so-called asynchronous telecommunications).
Definition 3
Information infrastructure- a system of organizational structures, subsystems that ensure the functioning and development of the information space of the country and the means of information interaction.
Information infrastructure includes:
The main purpose of the information infrastructure– providing consumers with access to information resources.
Examples of information infrastructure are such well-known areas as:
The information space may also include:
The individual information space is formed by the user himself:
If the computer is offline (not connected to a local or global network), then the user's information space is limited only to those programs and data that are located on this PC. If the computer has access to any network, then the user's information space becomes almost limitless.
Definition 4
Information resources that are available to the user when working on a PC are called individual information space of the user.
To organize his individual information space, the user can install software on a PC, create documents in the course of work various types(text, graphics, video, etc.), save (transfer, copy) to your PC the necessary files with various data (texts, music, photos, movies, etc.), save links to network resources on your PC, configure according to your requirements programs for creating documents, web browsers, etc.
Picture 1.
Definition 5
In other words, user information space- these are information resources (files with programs, documents, websites, photos, video clips, etc.) that are available to the user when working on a PC.
The user also forms an individual information space by customizing the user interface operating system and programs.
Setting software product is a change in its properties, which is performed with the aim of:
Each user has habits when working on a computer. For example, many users for quick access to a program, disk or folder create a corresponding shortcut on the desktop. Program shortcuts are also often placed on the Quick Access Toolbar.
To the organization of an individual interface include such settings as: data access speed, appearance windows, content of windows, computer speed.
The user can find most of the settings in the specialized folder "Control Panel", with which you can manage system resources, change equipment settings (monitor, keyboard, mouse, sound, etc.).
The user can also customize the appearance of windows.
The idea of each user about their own information space is as diverse as the users themselves. With the experience of working on a computer, each user will be able to determine for himself how to organize his data on a computer so that he is comfortable working with them.
