1 Data processing modes
When designing technological processes, they are guided by the modes of their implementation. The implementation mode of the technology depends on the space-time features of the tasks being solved: frequency and urgency, requirements for the speed of message processing, as well as on the operational capabilities of technical means, and primarily computers. There are: batch mode; real time mode; time sharing mode; regulatory regime; request; dialog; teleprocessing; interactive; single-program; multi-program (multi-processing).
Batch mode. When using this mode, the user does not have direct communication with the computer. Collection and registration of information, input and processing do not coincide in time. First, the user collects information, forming it into packages in accordance with the type of task or some other characteristic. (As a rule, these are tasks of a non-operational nature, with a long-term validity of the solution results). After receiving information is completed, it is entered and processed, i.e., there is a processing delay. This mode is used, as a rule, with a centralized method of information processing.
Dialog mode (query) mode in which the user has the ability to directly interact with the computer system while the user is working. Data processing programs are permanently in the computer's memory if the computer is available at any time, or for a certain period of time when the computer is available to the user. User interaction with a computer system in the form of a dialogue can be multidimensional and determined by various factors: language of communication, active or passive role of the user; who is the initiator of the dialogue - the user or the computer; response time; dialogue structure, etc. If the initiator of the dialogue is the user, then he must have knowledge of working with procedures, data formats, etc. If the initiator is a computer, then the machine itself tells at each step what needs to be done with a variety of choices. This method of operation is called “menu selection”. It provides support for user actions and prescribes their sequence. At the same time, less preparation is required from the user.
Conversational mode requires a certain level technical equipment user, i.e. the presence of a terminal or PC connected to the central computer system by communication channels. This mode is used to access information, computing or software resources. The ability to work in interactive mode may be limited in the start and end times of work, or it may be unlimited.
Sometimes a distinction is made between interactive and query modes, then query means a one-time call to the system, after which it issues a response and turns off, and dialog means a mode in which the system, after a request, issues a response and waits for further user actions.
Real time mode. Refers to the ability of a computing system to interact with controlled or managed processes at the pace of these processes. The reaction time of the computer must satisfy the pace of the controlled process or user requirements and have a minimum delay. Typically, this mode is used for decentralized and distributed data processing.
The teleprocessing mode allows a remote user to interact with the computing system.
The interactive mode assumes the possibility of two-way interaction between the user and the system, i.e. the user has the opportunity to influence the data processing process.
Time-sharing mode assumes the ability of the system to allocate its resources to a group of users one by one. Computer system serves each user so quickly that it appears as if several users are working simultaneously. This possibility is achieved through appropriate software.
Single-program and multi-program modes characterize the ability of the system to work simultaneously using one or several programs.
The scheduled mode is characterized by time certainty of individual user tasks. For example, receiving results summaries at the end of the month, calculating payroll statements for certain dates, etc. The deadlines for the decision are set in advance according to regulations, as opposed to arbitrary requests.
2 Data processing methods
The following methods of data processing are distinguished: centralized, decentralized, distributed and integrated.
Centralized presupposes availability. With this method, the user delivers initial information to the computer center and receives processing results in the form of result documents. The peculiarity of this processing method is the complexity and labor-intensiveness of establishing fast, uninterrupted communication, the large load of the computer with information (since its volume is large), the regulation of the timing of operations, and the organization of system security from possible unauthorized access.
Decentralized processing. This method is associated with the advent of personal computers, which make it possible to automate a specific workplace.
The distributed method of data processing is based on the distribution of processing functions between various computers included in the network. This method can be implemented in two ways: the first involves installing a computer in each network node (or at each level of the system), with data processing carried out by one or more computers depending on the actual capabilities of the system and its needs at the current time. The second way is to place a large number of different processors within one system. This path is used in banking and financial information processing systems, where a data processing network is needed (branches, departments, etc.). Advantages of the distributed method: the ability to process any amount of data within a given time frame; high degree of reliability, since if one technical means fails, it is possible to instantly replace it with another; reduction of time and costs for data transfer; increasing system flexibility, simplifying software development and operation, etc. The distributed method is based on a complex of specialized processors, i.e. Each computer is designed to solve specific problems, or tasks of its own level.
Integrated method of information processing. It involves the creation of an information model of a managed object, that is, the creation of a distributed database. This method provides maximum convenience for the user. On the one hand, databases provide for shared use and centralized management. On the other hand, the volume of information and the variety of tasks to be solved require distribution of the database. Integrated information processing technology allows you to improve the quality, reliability and speed of processing, because processing is carried out on the basis of a single information array, entered once into the computer. A feature of this method is the technological and time separation of the processing procedure from the procedures for collecting, preparing and entering data.
3 Complex of technical means for information processing
A set of technical means of information processing is a set of autonomous devices for collecting, accumulating, transmitting, processing and presenting information, as well as office equipment, management, repair and maintenance and others. There are a number of requirements for the set of technical means:
Ensuring problem solving with minimal costs, required accuracy and reliability
Possibility of technical compatibility of devices, their aggregability
Ensuring high reliability
Minimum acquisition costs
Domestic and foreign industry produces a wide range of technical means of information processing, differing element base, design, use of various storage media, operational characteristics, etc.
4 Classification of technical means of information processing
Technical means information processing are divided into two large groups. These are the main and auxiliary processing tools.
Auxiliary equipment is equipment that ensures the functionality of fixed assets, as well as equipment that facilitates and makes management work more comfortable. Auxiliary means of information processing include office equipment and repair and maintenance equipment. Office equipment is represented by a very wide range of tools, from office supplies to means of delivery, reproduction, storage, search and destruction of basic data, means of administrative and production communications, and so on, which makes the work of a manager convenient and comfortable.
Fixed assets are tools for labor automated processing information. It is known that in order to manage certain processes, certain management information is needed that characterizes the states and parameters of technological processes, quantitative, cost and labor indicators of production, supply, sales, financial activities, etc. To fixed assets technical processing include: means of recording and collecting information, means of receiving and transmitting data, means of preparing data, input means, means of processing information and means of displaying information. Below, all these means are discussed in detail.
Obtaining primary information and registration is one of the labor-intensive processes. Therefore, devices for mechanized and automated measurement, collection and recording of data are widely used. The range of these funds is very extensive. These include: electronic scales, various counters, displays, flow meters, cash registers, banknote counting machines, ATMs and much more. This also includes various production registrars intended for processing and recording information about business transactions on computer media.
Means of receiving and transmitting information. Information transfer refers to the process of sending data (messages) from one device to another. An interacting set of objects, formed by data transmission and processing devices, is called a network. They combine devices designed to transmit and receive information. They ensure the exchange of information between the place of its origin and the place of its processing. The structure of means and methods of data transmission is determined by the location of information sources and data processing facilities, volumes and time for data transmission, types of communication lines and other factors. Data transmission means are represented by subscriber points (AP), transmission equipment, modems, multiplexers.
Data preparation tools are represented by devices for preparing information on computer media, devices for transferring information from documents to media, including computer devices. These devices can perform sorting and adjustment.
Input means are used to perceive data from computer media and enter information into computer systems
Information processing tools play a critical role in the complex of technical information processing tools. Processing means include computers, which in turn are divided into four classes: micro, small (mini); large computers and supercomputers. There are two types of microcomputers: universal and specialized.
Both universal and specialized can be either multi-user - powerful computers equipped with several terminals and operating in time-sharing mode (servers), or single-user (workstations), which specialize in performing one type of work.
Small computers operate in time-sharing and multitasking mode. Their positive side is reliability and ease of operation.
Large computers (mainfarms) are characterized by a large amount of memory, high fault tolerance and performance. It is also characterized by high reliability and data protection; ability to connect a large number of users.
Supercomputers are powerful multiprocessor computers with a speed of 40 billion operations per second.
Server is a computer dedicated to processing requests from all stations on the network and providing these stations with access to system resources and distributing these resources. A universal server is called an application server. Powerful servers can be classified as small and large computers. Now the leader is Marshall servers, and there are also Cray servers (64 processors).
Information display tools are used to display calculation results, reference data and programs on computer media, print, screen, and so on. Output devices include monitors, printers and plotters.
A monitor is a device designed to display information entered by the user from the keyboard or output from the computer.
A printer is a device for outputting text and graphic information.
A plotter is a device for printing large format drawings and diagrams onto paper.
Technology is a complex of scientific and engineering knowledge implemented in labor techniques, sets of material, technical, energy, labor factors of production, methods of combining them to create a product or service that meets certain requirements. Therefore, technology is inextricably linked with the mechanization of the production or non-production, primarily management, process. Management technologies are based on the use of computers and telecommunications technology.
According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, information technology is a set of interrelated scientific, technological and engineering disciplines that study methods for effectively organizing the work of people involved in processing and storing information; computer technology and methods of organizing and interacting with people and production equipment. Their practical applications, as well as the social, economic and cultural problems associated with all this. Information technologies themselves require complex training, large initial costs and high-tech technology. Their introduction should begin with the creation of software, the formation information flows in specialist training systems.
A set of technical means of information processing is a set of autonomous devices for collecting, accumulating, transmitting, processing and presenting information, as well as office equipment, management, repair and maintenance and others. There are a number of requirements for the set of technical means:
Ensuring that problems are solved with minimal costs, the necessary accuracy and reliability;
Possibility of technical compatibility of devices, their aggregability;
Ensuring high reliability;
Minimum acquisition costs.
Domestic and foreign industry produces a wide range of technical means of information processing, differing in the element base, design, use of various information carriers, and operational characteristics.
Technical means of information processing are divided into two large groups. These are the main and auxiliary processing tools (Fig. 12). Auxiliary information tools- this is equipment that ensures the operability of fixed assets, as well as equipment that facilitates and makes management work more comfortable. Auxiliary means of information processing include office equipment and repair and maintenance equipment. Office equipment is represented by a very wide range of tools, from office supplies to means of delivery, reproduction, storage, search and destruction of basic data, means of administrative and industrial communications, and so on, which makes the manager’s work convenient and comfortable.
Rice. 12. Classification of technical means of information processing
Basic means of informatization- These are tools for automated information processing. It is known that in order to manage certain processes, certain management information is needed that characterizes the states and parameters of technological processes, quantitative, cost and labor indicators of production, supply, sales, and financial activities. The main means of technical processing include: means of recording and collecting information, means of receiving and transmitting data, means of preparing data, means of input, means of processing information and means of displaying information.
Obtaining primary information and registration is one of the labor-intensive processes. Therefore, devices for mechanized and automated measurement, collection and recording of data are widely used. The range of these funds is very extensive. These include: electronic scales, various counters, displays, flow meters, cash registers, banknote counting machines, ATMs and much more. As well as various production recorders designed for registration and recording of information about business transactions on computer media.
Means of receiving and transmitting information. Information transfer refers to the process of sending data (messages) from one device to another.
Data preparation tools are represented by devices for preparing information on computer media, devices for transferring document information to media.
Input means are used to perceive data from computer media and enter information into computer systems.
Information processing tools play a critical role in the complex of technical information processing tools. Processing means include computers, which in turn are divided into four classes: micro-computers, small (mini) computers, large-scale computers and super-computers.
There are two types of microcomputers: universal and specialized. Both universal and specialized can be either multi-user - powerful computers equipped with several terminals and operating in time-sharing mode (servers), or single-user (workstations), which specialize in performing one type of work.
Small computers operate in time sharing and multitasking mode, are reliable and easy to use.
Large computers (mainfarms) are characterized by a large amount of memory, high fault tolerance and performance, as well as high reliability and data protection; ability to connect a large number of users.
Supercomputers are powerful multiprocessor computers with a speed of 40 billion operations per second.
Server is a computer dedicated to processing requests from all stations on the network and providing these stations with access to system resources and distributing these resources. A universal server is called an application server. Powerful servers can be classified as small and large computers.
Information display tools are used to display calculation results, reference data and programs on computer media, print, and screen. Output devices include monitors, printers and plotters. A monitor is a device designed to display information entered by the user from the keyboard or output from the computer. A printer is a device for outputting text and graphic information onto paper. A plotter is a device for printing large format drawings and diagrams onto paper.
Office equipment- an integral part of the technical equipment of any office. Office organizational equipment (office equipment) - technical means used for mechanization and automation of management and engineering work. Insufficient use of office equipment leads to a decrease in labor productivity and the efficiency of management and technical personnel. Office equipment is understood as technical means used in office work to create information paper documents, copy them, reproduce, process, store, transport and means of administrative and management communications.
Tools for drawing up and producing documents. These include typewriters and organizational automatic machines. Typewriters Recently, this still indispensable type of equipment is increasingly being replaced by personal computers equipped with printers. Mechanical typewriters are the simplest and cheapest, but also the most inconvenient to use. Electric typewriters require minimal effort from the typist when pressing the keys and at the same time provide a large number of copies - up to 12. Electronic typewriters, having all the advantages of electric ones, also have a memory, which brings them closer in efficiency to organizational automatic machines. The memory of electronic typewriters can be either internal (electronic, magnetic) or external (magnetic cards, tapes, floppy disks). This memory stores a variety of information: standard texts, templates, addresses, formatted documents. Printed information can also be stored in memory for further analysis and use. Naturally, the information retrieved from memory can be edited directly during printing, addresses, surnames and any other text fragments can be changed. Electronic typewriters can have a display for preliminary display and editing of printed information, can be connected to a computer for input/output of necessary information and editing texts using more modern computer editors. Stationery typewriters are desktop and hard to carry, including mechanical, electrical and electronic. Portable or travel typewriters are most often mechanical. Specialized typewriters, depending on their purpose, include typewriters with fonts for the blind, typesetting machines and automatic machines for preparing forms for subsequent printing, stenographic machines and attachments for generating stenographic reports on meetings, flat-type typewriters for imprinting texts in passports and forms and inscriptions on drawings.
Organizational automata - uh then a registered complex of electromechanical and electronic devices, designed to automate the process of compiling, editing and producing text and spreadsheet documents. Orchestration machines include high-speed printing devices, various storage devices, microprocessors and other control devices, and displays. Functionality automatic machines are wider than those of electronic typewriters. It should be especially noted the advisability of using dictaphone technology as an intermediate link in recording information when creating typewritten documents. Statistics show that labor costs for drafting a document with intermediate dictation of the text into a dictaphone and subsequent printing from the dictaphone are 2-3 times less than for handwritten preparation and subsequent printing from a draft. For large volumes of regular typewriting work in organizations, it is advisable to create dictaphone-typewriting bureaus.
Transportation of documents between the office premises of a company, bank, library or other organization can be carried out using means of transporting documents ( trolleys, conveyors, elevators, pneumatic mail) . Elevator conveyors (or lifts) are used for vertical movement of documents. According to the principle of operation, they can be discrete or continuous. If elevators have continuous movement, then programmable devices for automatic unloading and picking up of cargo are used on their platforms (pallets).
Pneumatic mail ensures the movement of documents through a pneumatic pipeline at high speed and at long distances. Many pneumatic mails provide the transfer of cargo in different directions with automatic routing according to a given program.
Document processing tools are intended for addressing, marking, stitching and other operations on documents. Addressing machines are widely used for imprinting local text fragments into documents, most often standard ones: customer addresses, invoice headers, statements, notices of payment documents. The addressing machine copies onto documents or onto labels for subsequent sticking a fragment of text, quickly selected from a large number of texts stored either in the machine’s memory or in the form of printed forms in a card file of template stamps, often inserted into multi-colored standard frames for ease of manual selection. Addressing machines use special plates for flat and sometimes letterpress printing. Texts for printing can also be obtained from a computer.
Marking machines (franking machines) print postage stamps indicating the date instead of stamps on envelopes postal item and payment amounts. When printing, the amounts of payments to be executed are accumulated on the counter of the franking machine. Such a postal stamp may contain a short advertisement, the name of the organization, its address, and telephone number.
Stamping devices (numerators) are used to print short digital messages on documents: numbers, indexes, dates.
Laminators are machines for protecting documents from moisture, dust, oil and from careless storage by applying a protective coating to the surface of the document. We insert the document into the machine, where it undergoes heat treatment, as a result of which a protective film is applied to the document on both sides, or a sticky transparent film is simply glued to the surface of the document. It is advisable to laminate securities, advertisements, covers of books and reports, menus and many other documents.
Folding machines are devices for performing various types of folding (bending) papers according to a given format and folding them neatly. Folding machines perform all standard types of folding: single, letter, zigzag, etc.
Booklet stitching machines are devices for automatically folding and fastening brochures using metal clips. Simpler manual and electrified paper staplers are also available.
Sheet collating machines (collectors) are machines for collecting (sorting) printed sheets into blocks, for example, for the subsequent production of books and brochures.
Tools for copying and reproducing documents designed for copying and reproducing documents (articles, advertisements, advertising brochures) are very common in business and other areas of labor and social activity. For the purpose of copying and duplicating documents, special technical means are used. When receiving a small number of copies (up to 25 copies), it is advisable to use means of document copying (reprography), and for large replications (more than 25 copies) - means of document reproduction (quick or small printing). Electrographic copying (electrophotographic, xerographic) is currently the most common copying method. More than 70% of the world's copying equipment stock consists of electrographic copiers, through which over 50% of all copies produced in the world are made.
Thermographic copying. This is the fastest copying method (tens of meters per minute), allowing you to obtain a copy on special, rather expensive thermosetting paper or on regular paper, but through thermal copy paper. Photographic copying. This copying method is the oldest. It provides the most high quality, but requires expensive Supplies and a long process. Electronic graphic copying. It is based on optical reading of documents (photodiodes convert the document image projected on them into electrical signals) and electric spark recording of information onto a special copy medium. Copies will most often be received on electrophotographic film and thermosetting paper. Copies on electrophotographic film serve as the basis for subsequent replication of documents using screen printing, and in the aspect of preparing high-quality screen printing forms, electronic graphic copying is very effective and widely used. Diazographic photocopying - diazography, sincography. It is used primarily for copying large-format drawing and technical documentation. The original must be made on translucent paper or tracing paper. The process involves exposing the original by contact onto light-sensitive diazo paper and bleaching the paper with bright light in areas where there is no image.
TO means of operational printing include hectographic, offset, screen printing. Hectographic printing. Its principle is based on the production of a printing plate with a large supply of ink, which is gradually dissolved with alcohol (hence its common name - alcohol printing) and is consumed, transferred to copies. Offset printing is based on the principle of incompatibility of oil and water. The print is made from a flat surface (mold) treated so that the areas corresponding to the image being printed will hold the oil-based ink and repel water, and the rest of the surface will hold water and repel the ink. The printing form is made on coated paper by transferring a mirror image of the document onto it using special copy paper. Printing is done on hectographs by moistening the paper with alcohol and contact transferring a thin layer of ink from the printing plate to this paper. You can get 100-200 prints from one printing plate. Hectographic printing is used for small circulations of 25-250 copies. The printing form is made on a metal (foil) or hydrophilic paper plate by printing on a typewriter (printer) or by electrographic or thermographic copying of the document, but with the obligatory use of fat dye. When printing on rotaprints, ink is rolled onto the plate, sticking to greasy materials, and then the ink is transferred by contact through an intermediate elastic link (offset drum) to paper to produce a copy.
Screen printing. The printing form is a stencil, made on a sheet of wax, gelatin or colloidal paper or on film by punching micro-holes in it on special typewriters or by electronographic copying. The printing process involves pressing ink through a stencil using machines called rotators.
Electronic screen printing. Of course, the most effective and promising version of operational printing on risographs deserves special attention, using the latest achievements of digital electronics and significantly improving all the characteristics of screen printing. Risographs are a relatively new type of copying and duplicating equipment; they combine traditional screen printing with modern digital methods for producing and processing electronic documents. By connecting the risograph to a computer via a parallel port, it can be used to quickly create, edit and reproduce any printed publications.
The risograph was invented and created in 1980 in Japan, and by the beginning of 1995, more than 70% of Japanese schools were equipped with risographs; In Russia, the first risographs appeared in 1992, in 1995 their number exceeded 3000, and the total needs of the Russian market, according to experts, are 200 thousand units. When preparing the matrix, the original document being replicated is placed on the built-in scanner. The scanner reads the information, encodes it and creates a corresponding digital file. After processing a special multilayer master film with a thermal head controlled by a SIMM digital file, a working matrix is created containing the copied image or text in the form of micro-holes in the outer layer of the film. Then the working matrix is impregnated with a special dye, which is absorbed by the inner layer of the film, and is used as a stencil for duplicating the document. From one working matrix you can get at least 4000 prints good quality. All of these procedures are performed automatically. Risographs are available in two configurations: roller and flatbed. Flatbed risographs allow you to copy both color and stitched materials. But they usually do not automatically feed the original. Risographs are equipped with a design tablet for design work. With this tablet, without scissors or glue, you can layout the original and design copies better than the original. In the original placed on the tablet, you can use a special pencil to mark the fields to be changed, and for each field indicate the type of processing.
Control system electronic documents is a set of devices and programs that allow you to effectively organize procedures for creating, storing, manipulating and sending electronic documents. Creating simple text documents can be done on typewriters various types followed by entering text from a paper document into a personal computer using a scanner. But, of course, it is even more effective simple documents create directly on personal computers using a wide arsenal software providing convenient and highly efficient service. This service is especially important when creating complex, highly artistic documents intended for subsequent replication. The preparation of such complex documents requires the execution of procedures for typing, editing, proofreading, preparing illustrations, layout and version of pages, and printing.
Often, direct sources of materials for documents are image scanning systems, faxes, e-mail, spreadsheets, graphs, and drawings. All procedures for creating a document can be effectively performed on a personal computer equipped with a scanner and a set of problem-oriented applications. software products, primarily word processing or desktop publishing programs. The scanner can be used to enter separately prepared fragments, drawings, photographs, diagrams, seals, and signatures into a document.
Electronic document storage system must ensure effective storage and updating of documents during external memory Computers, as well as their efficient search and confidential access to them. Databases are a repository of specially organized information, including electronic documents in the external memory of a computer. Manipulation of electronic documents. The main functions of this subsystem are: organizing work with electronic documents, monitoring the execution of documents, their electronic distribution, printing and replication.
Administrative and management communication systems. The computer turns from a powerful computer into a powerful tool for managing electronic documents and into a powerful communication tool. Indeed, through a variety of information and computer networks, you can send and receive messages to the most remote places around the world, exchange data and programs with hundreds and thousands of subscribers, receive any background information from operational service systems. A computer can be connected to a subscriber telephone network and gain access to other subscribers of this network, to e-mail, to teletypewriters and telefaxes that work with this network.
To connect to all these networks you need a modem. The modem is installed in the slot (connector) motherboard personal computer or stand-alone connected to a serial port. A computer modem often has two external connectors: one is used to plug into telephone network, the second - for connecting a second telephone device in parallel to the modem. For computers, you should use high-speed modems (14400, 28800 and 33600 baud), because, among other things, they significantly save the cost of renting communication channels; transferring 1 MB of data at a speed of 300 baud takes about 3 hours, and at a speed of 28800 baud - less than 2 minutes .
A computer with a fax modem works much more reliably and stablely than a telefax, and provides many additional services: significantly more convenient and efficient automation of preparing fax texts using the entire arsenal computer tools, integration with by email, telex and computer database, the presence of a larger electronic reference book containing a wide variety of useful information, differentiation of access rights for employees and external subscribers to the fax, control of the passage of correspondence, detailed statistics of fax work. Currently, computer keyboards are being produced from which you can directly dial a subscriber's phone number, and computers equipped with a video camera and microphone have also appeared, allowing you not only to exchange faxes with a partner, but also to see him and talk to him.
Questions for self-examination
1. Describe existing approaches to creating AIS and their essence.
2. Define the concept of an information model and the requirements for them.
3. Describe the essence of the conceptual level of AIS design.
4. Describe the essence of the logical level of AIS design.
5. Describe the entity physical layer AIS design.
6. Describe the essence of the principles of designing AIS of an economic and mathematical nature.
7. Describe the essence of the principles of designing AIS of a system nature.
8. Describe the essence of the principles of designing AIS of an organizational and technical nature.
9. Describe the essence of the private principles of AIS design.
10. Describe the essence of decomposition and the problems of decomposition of AIS.
11. Determine the composition of AIS subsystems, describe the goals and essence of the tasks.
12. Define the concept of AIS integration and describe the problems associated with the creation of IAIS.
13. Define the concepts of complexity and adaptability of AIS.
14. Define the concepts of automated workplace. Describe their essence using one example.
15. Principles of interface design for workstations.
16. Describe the classification of technical means of information processing.
1.3 Complex of technical means for information processing
A set of technical means of information processing is a set of autonomous devices for collecting, accumulating, transmitting, processing and presenting information, as well as office equipment, management, repair and maintenance and others. There are a number of requirements for the set of technical means:
Ensuring problem solving with minimal costs, required accuracy and reliability
Possibility of technical compatibility of devices, their aggregability
Ensuring high reliability
Minimum acquisition costs
Domestic and foreign industry produces a wide range of technical means of information processing, differing in the element base, design, use of various information media, operational characteristics, etc.
1.4 Classification of technical means of information processing
Technical means of information processing are divided into two large groups. These are the main and auxiliary processing tools.
Auxiliary equipment is equipment that ensures the functionality of fixed assets, as well as equipment that facilitates and makes management work more comfortable. Auxiliary means of information processing include office equipment and repair and maintenance equipment. Office equipment is represented by a very wide range of tools, from office supplies to means of delivery, reproduction, storage, search and destruction of basic data, means of administrative and production communications, and so on, which makes the work of a manager convenient and comfortable.
Fixed assets are tools for automated information processing. It is known that in order to manage certain processes, certain management information is needed that characterizes the states and parameters of technological processes, quantitative, cost and labor indicators of production, supply, sales, financial activities, etc. The main means of technical processing include: means of recording and collecting information, means of receiving and transmitting data, means of preparing data, means of input, means of processing information and means of displaying information. Below, all these means are discussed in detail.
Obtaining primary information and registration is one of the labor-intensive processes. Therefore, devices for mechanized and automated measurement, collection and recording of data are widely used. The range of these funds is very extensive. These include: electronic scales, various counters, displays, flow meters, cash registers, banknote counting machines, ATMs and much more. This also includes various production registrars intended for processing and recording information about business transactions on computer media.
Means of receiving and transmitting information. Information transfer refers to the process of sending data (messages) from one device to another. An interacting set of objects, formed by data transmission and processing devices, is called a network. They combine devices designed to transmit and receive information. They ensure the exchange of information between the place of its origin and the place of its processing. The structure of means and methods of data transmission is determined by the location of information sources and data processing facilities, volumes and time for data transmission, types of communication lines and other factors. Data transmission means are represented by subscriber points (AP), transmission equipment, modems, multiplexers.
Data preparation tools are represented by devices for preparing information on computer media, devices for transferring information from documents to media, including computer devices. These devices can perform sorting and adjustment.
Input tools are used to perceive data from computer media and enter information into computer systems
Information processing tools play a critical role in the complex of technical information processing tools. Processing means include computers, which in turn are divided into four classes: micro, small (mini); large computers and supercomputers. There are two types of microcomputers: universal and specialized.
Both universal and specialized can be either multi-user - powerful computers equipped with several terminals and operating in time-sharing mode (servers), or single-user (workstations), which specialize in performing one type of work.
Small computers operate in time-sharing and multitasking mode. Their positive side is reliability and ease of operation.
Large computers (mainfarms) are characterized by a large amount of memory, high fault tolerance and performance. It is also characterized by high reliability and data protection; ability to connect a large number of users.
Supercomputers are powerful multiprocessor computers with a speed of 40 billion operations per second.
Server is a computer dedicated to processing requests from all stations on the network and providing these stations with access to system resources and distributing these resources. A universal server is called an application server. Powerful servers can be classified as small and large computers. Now the leader is Marshall servers, and there are also Cray servers (64 processors).
Information display tools are used to display calculation results, reference data and programs on computer media, print, screen, and so on. Output devices include monitors, printers and plotters.
A monitor is a device designed to display information entered by the user from the keyboard or output from the computer.
A printer is a device for outputting text and graphic information onto paper.
A plotter is a device for printing large format drawings and diagrams onto paper.
Technology is a complex of scientific and engineering knowledge implemented in labor techniques, sets of material, technical, energy, labor factors of production, methods of combining them to create a product or service that meets certain requirements. Therefore, technology is inextricably linked with the mechanization of the production or non-production, primarily management, process. Management technologies are based on the use of computers and telecommunications technology.
According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, information technology is a set of interrelated scientific, technological and engineering disciplines that study methods for effectively organizing the work of people involved in processing and storing information; computer technology and methods of organizing and interacting with people and production equipment. Their practical applications, as well as the social, economic and cultural problems associated with all this. Information technologies themselves require complex training, large initial costs and high-tech technology. Their introduction should begin with the creation of software, the formation of information flows in specialist training systems.
For example, you can propose the classification shown in Fig. 1.13. The types of TSOs will be discussed more specifically in subsequent chapters. We only note that when choosing a CO, you should find out what the main tactical and technical characteristics are. For example, for particularly important objects, it is desirable that the probability of detecting CO is close to 0.98; time to false alarm - to 2500 hours and to 3500 ...
Documents in identical form - RTF is intended for viewing documents, editing them in different versions software products. 2. Modern technical means used for creating and processing documents The tools used for creating and processing documents are, in turn, information processing tools; they can be divided into two large groups. These are the main...
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With the help of which everyone who has mastered given language, can create the structures that are convenient for him and introduce the necessary control elements into them. The need for programming has always held back the widespread implementation of databases in management and production in small businesses. Large enterprises could afford to place orders for programming a specialized system “for themselves.” Small...
The technological process of data processing in information systems is carried out using:
technical means of data collection and recording;
telecommunications means;
systems for storing, retrieving and retrieving data;
computational data processing tools;
technical office equipment.
In modern information systems, technical means of data processing are used comprehensively, based on a technical and economic calculation of the feasibility of their use, taking into account the price/quality ratio and the reliability of the technical means.
Information technology can be defined as a set of methods– techniques and algorithms for data processing and tools– software and hardware data processing tools.
Information technologies can be divided into categories:
Basic information technologies are universal technological data processing operations, usually independent of the content of the information being processed, for example, launching programs to execute, copying, deleting, moving and searching for files, etc. They are based on the use of widely used software and hardware data processing tools.
Special information technology – a complex of information-related basic information technologies, designed to perform special operations taking into account the content and/or form of data presentation.
Information technologies are the necessary basis for creating information systems.
An information system (IS) is a communication system for collecting, transmitting, and processing information about an object, supplying employees of various ranks with information to implement management functions.
IS users are organizational management units - structural divisions, management personnel, performers. The content basis of the IS consists of functional components - models, methods and algorithms for generating control information. The functional structure of an IS is a set of functional components: subsystems, sets of tasks, information processing procedures that determine the sequence and conditions for their implementation.
The introduction of information systems is carried out with the aim of increasing the efficiency of the production and economic activities of the facility through not only the processing and storage of routine information, automation of office work, but also through fundamentally new management methods. These methods are based on modeling the actions of organization specialists when making decisions (artificial intelligence methods, expert systems, etc.), the use of modern telecommunications (e-mail, teleconferences), global and local computer networks etc.
IP classification is carried out according to the following criteria:
nature of information processing;
scale and integration of IS components;
information technology architecture of IS.
Based on the nature of information processing and the complexity of processing algorithms, information systems are usually divided into two large classes:
IS for online data processing. These are traditional information systems for recording and processing large-volume primary data using strictly regulated algorithms, a fixed database structure (DB), etc.
IS support and decision making. They are focused on analytical processing of large volumes of information, integration of heterogeneous data sources, use of analytical processing methods and tools.
Currently, the main information technology architectures have emerged:
IS with centralized data processing;
“file-server” architecture;
client-server architecture.
Centralized processing involves combining the user interface, applications and database on one computer.
IN architecture “file server” many network users are provided files the main computer of the network, called file server. These can be individual user files, database files, and application programs. All data processing is carried out on users' computers. Such a computer is called workstation(RS). The user interface and application software are installed on it, which can be entered both from PC input devices and transmitted over the network from a file server. The file server can also be used for centralized storage of individual user files sent by them over the network from the PC. Architecture “ file server” is used primarily in local computer networks.
IN architecture “client-server” the software is focused not only on the collective use of resources, but also on their processing at the location of the resource according to user requests. Client-server architecture software systems consist of two parts: server software and user-client software. The operation of these systems is organized as follows: client programs run on the user's computer and send requests to the server program, which runs on a public computer. The main data processing is performed by a powerful server, and only the results of the request are sent to the user’s computer. For example, the database server is used in powerful DBMSs such as Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, etc., working with distributed databases. Database servers are designed to work with large volumes of data (tens of gigabytes or more) and for a large number of users, while providing high performance, reliability and security. The client-server architecture is, in a certain sense, fundamental to global computer network applications.
In the modern world, it is very important to receive accurate information on time. People's livelihoods depend on this. For this reason, every day more and more of the most different devices, which collect and process data. What should be understood by these processes?
A person can collect information. Or you can use technical means and systems. In such situations, this process will occur in hardware. For example, the user was able to obtain data on train routes independently by studying the schedule at the station. He can do the same using a phone or computer.
This suggests that the information collection procedure is a rather complex software and hardware complex. What should be understood by such a process? This is a procedure for receiving any data coming from the outside world. Such information is presented in a standard form for application systems. Modern technical devices not only collect data, code it and display it for review. Information processing also occurs.
Processing should be understood as an orderly process of obtaining the required information from a set of specific data using special algorithms. This procedure can be performed in several ways. There are such information processing tools as centralized, decentralized, distributed and integrated.
Centralized processing implies that there must be a computer center (CC). With this method, the user delivers the initial data to the computer center. After this, he is provided with the result in the form of specific documentation.
Distinctive feature this method is labor intensity. It is quite difficult to establish fast, uninterrupted communication. In addition, the center is heavily loaded with information. In addition, deadlines for completing assigned tasks are regulated, and it is not always possible to complete them on time. Such information processing is also complex due to the presence of security measures that prevent possible unauthorized access.
At the time of the advent of the personal computer, a decentralized method arose. It provides the ability to automate a specific workplace. Today there are 3 types of technologies for such data processing. The first one is based personal computers, not combined into local network. This information processing technology involves storing data in separate files. In order to get the indicators, you need to rewrite the files onto your computer. The negative aspects include the fact that there is no interconnection of tasks. It is impossible to process large amounts of information. Besides this processing information has low security against hacking.
The second technology is based on computers that are connected into a local network, which leads to the formation single files data. However, it will not be possible to cope with a large flow of information in such a situation. The third technology is based on computers connected to a local network, which also includes servers.
Distributed information processing is based on the fact that functions are divided between different computers that are connected to the same network. This method can be implemented in two ways:
Distributed information processing allows you to operate with data in any volume within a given time frame. There is a fairly high level of reliability. The time and costs of transmitting information are significantly reduced. Increases system flexibility and simplifies development using software tools. The distributed method is based on specialized processes. In other words, each computer is designed to solve its own problem.
The integrated method involves the formation of an information model of the managed object. In other words, a distributed database is created. Similar method allows you to make the information processing process more convenient for the user. More than one person can use the database at the same time. But a large amount of information requires distribution. Due to this method you can significantly improve the quality, reliability and speed of processing. This is due to the fact that the technique is based on a single information array, which is entered into the computer once.
Information processing methods have been described above. But with the help of what technical means does this process take place? It is worthwhile to dwell on this issue in more detail.
Technical means should be understood as a set of autonomous types of equipment that allows collecting, accumulating, transmitting, processing and outputting data, as well as a set of office equipment, controls, repair and maintenance devices, etc. All of the above systems are subject to the following requirements:
Domestic and foreign industry produces simply a huge range of technical tools that help process information. They may differ from each other in their element base, design, use of a variety of storage media, as well as operational parameters, etc.
Technical means can be:
In the first case, this is equipment that ensures the functionality of basic facilities. Also included are auxiliary devices that help simplify management work. They make it more comfortable. This may include office equipment and maintenance and preventive means. Organizational devices include a large number of nomenclature tools, starting with office products and ending with devices for delivering, reproducing, deleting, searching and storing data. It's about about all types of equipment, due to which the work of a manager becomes easier, more convenient and more comfortable.
Information processing technology can be based on fixed assets. They should be understood as devices aimed at automating work with data. In order to be able to establish control over certain processes, it is required to have some management data. Thanks to them, it will be possible to characterize the state, parameters of technological processes, quantitative and cost indicators.
Basic information processing systems may include:
This article discussed the topic of collecting and processing information. It was decided to focus specifically on working with data. This is a fairly urgent and complex task that requires high reliability, accuracy and reliability. We hope that this review has helped to understand what the information processing process is.
