If you have just started to understand radio engineering, I will talk about that in this article, how are the radio components indicated on the diagram, what are they called on it, and what kind do they have appearance .
Here you will learn how a transistor, diode, capacitor, microcircuit, relay, etc. are designated
Please click for details.
All transistors have three terminals, and if it is bipolar, then there are two types, as can be seen from the image of the pnp junction and the npn junction. And three outputs are called e-emitter, k-collector and b-base. Where is the output on the transistor itself searched for in the directory, or enter the name of the transistor + outputs into the search.
The appearance of the transistor is as follows, and this is only a small part of their appearance, there are a lot of existing denominations.
There are already three conclusions that have the following name, this is a s-shutter, i-source, s-drain
But the appearance is visually little different, or rather, it may have the same base. The question is how to find out what it is, and this is already from reference books or the Internet according to the designation written on the base.
Capacitors are both polar and non-polar.
The difference between their designation is that one of the terminals is indicated with a "+" sign on the polar one. And the capacitance is measured in microfarads "uF".
And they have such an appearance, it should be borne in mind that if the capacitor is polar, then on the base on one side of the legs the output is indicated, only already basically with the sign "-".
The designation of the LED and the diode in the diagram differs in that the LED is enclosed and two arrows are outgoing. But their role is different - the diode serves to rectify the current, and the LED is already to emit light.
And LEDs look like this.
And this kind of conventional rectifier and pulse diodes for example:
Microcircuits are a reduced circuit that performs a particular function, while they can have a large number of transistors.
And they look like this.
I think about them first of all heard motorists, especially Lada drivers.
Since when there were no injectors and transistors were not widely used, in a car there were headlights, a cigarette lighter, a starter, and everything in it was almost turned on and controlled through a relay.
This is the simplest relay circuit.
Everything is simple here, a current of a certain voltage is applied to the electromagnetic coil, and that, in turn, closes or opens a section of the circuit.
This is where the article ends.
If you want to see what radio components you want to see in the next article, write in the comments.
WITH What does practical electronics begin with? Of course with radio components! Their diversity is simply amazing. Here you will find articles about all kinds of radio components, get acquainted with their purpose, parameters and properties. Find out where and in what devices certain electronic components are used.
To go to the article of interest, click on the link or thumbnail image located next to brief description material.
How to buy radio components online? This question is asked by many radio amateurs. The article tells about how you can order radio components in the online store of radio components with delivery by mail.
In this article I will talk about how to buy radio components and electronic modules in one of the largest online stores AliExpress.com for very little money :)
In addition to the widespread flat SMD resistors, MELF resistors in a cylindrical housing are used in electronics. What are their advantages and disadvantages? Where are they used and how to determine their power?
The sizes of SMD resistors are standardized, and they are probably known to many. But is it really that simple? Here you will learn about two systems for coding the sizes of SMD components, learn how to determine the real size of a chip resistor by its size and vice versa. Meet the smallest representatives of SMD resistors that currently exist. In addition, a table of sizes of SMD resistors and their assemblies is presented.
Here you will learn what the temperature coefficient of resistance of a resistor (TCR) is, as well as what TCR different types of fixed resistors have. The formula for calculating TCR is given, as well as explanations about foreign designations like T.C.R and ppm / 0 С.
In addition to fixed resistors, variable and trimming resistors are actively used in electronics. About how the variables and trimmers are arranged, about their varieties, and will be discussed in the proposed article. The material is supported by a large number of photographs of various resistors, which will certainly appeal to novice radio amateurs, who can more easily navigate in all the variety of these elements.
Like any radio component, variables and trimmers have basic parameters. It turns out that there are not so few of them, and it will not hurt beginner radio amateurs to get acquainted with such interesting parameters of variable resistors as TCR, functional characteristics, wear resistance, etc.
A semiconductor diode is one of the most popular and widespread components in electronics. What are the parameters of a diode? Where is it applied? What are its varieties? This will be discussed in this article.
What is an inductor and why is it used in electronics? Here you will learn not only about what parameters an inductor has, but also learn how different inductors are indicated on the diagram. The article contains many photographs and images.
In modern impulse technique Schottky diode is actively used. How is it different from conventional rectifier diodes? How is it indicated on the diagrams? What are its positive and negative properties? You will learn about all this in the article about the Schottky diode.
The zener diode is one of the most important elements in modern electronics. It is no secret that semiconductor electronics is very demanding on the quality of the power supply, and to be more precise, on the stability of the supply voltage. Here a semiconductor diode comes to the rescue - a zener diode, which is actively used to stabilize the voltage in the nodes of electronic equipment.
What is a varicap and where is it used? In this article, you will learn about an amazing diode that is used as a variable capacitor.
If you're into electronics, you've probably faced the challenge of connecting multiple speakers or loudspeakers. This may be required, for example, when self-assembling acoustic speaker, connecting multiple speakers to a single channel amplifier, and so on. 5 illustrative examples are considered. Lots of photos.
The transistor is the basis of modern electronics. His invention revolutionized radio engineering and served as the basis for the miniaturization of electronics - the creation of microcircuits. What is the name of a transistor in a circuit diagram? How to solder the transistor in printed circuit board? You will find answers to these questions in this article.
A composite transistor or in another way the Darlington transistor is one of the modifications of the bipolar transistor. You will learn about where composite transistors are used, about their features and distinctive properties from this article.
When selecting analogues of MOS field-effect transistors, one has to refer to the technical documentation with the parameters and characteristics of a particular transistor. In this article, you will learn about the main parameters of powerful MOSFET transistors.
Currently, field-effect transistors are increasingly being used in electronics. On circuit diagrams field effect transistor is designated differently. The article describes the conditional graphic designation of field-effect transistors on circuit diagrams.
What is an IGBT transistor? Where is it used and how is it arranged? In this article, you will learn about the benefits of insulated gate bipolar transistors, as well as how given type transistors on circuit diagrams.
Among the huge number of semiconductor devices, there is a dinistor. You can find out how a dinistor differs from a semiconductor diode by reading this article.
What is a suppressor? Protective diodes or suppressors are increasingly being used in electronic equipment to protect it from high-voltage impulse noise. You will learn about the purpose, parameters and methods of using protective diodes from this article.
Resettable fuses are increasingly used in electronic equipment. They can be found in security automation devices, computers, portable devices... In a foreign manner, self-resetting fuses are called PTC Resettable Fuses. What are the properties and parameters of the "immortal" fuse? You will learn about this from the proposed article.
Currently, solid-state relays are increasingly being used in electronics. What is the advantage of solid state relays over electromagnetic and reed relays? Device, features and types of solid state relays.
In the literature devoted to electronics, the quartz resonator is undeservedly deprived of attention, although this electromechanical component has extremely strongly influenced the active development of radio communication technology, navigation and computer systems.
In addition to the well-known aluminum electrolytic capacitors in electronics, a large number of various electrolytic capacitors with different type dielectric. Among them, for example, tantalum smd capacitors, non-polar electrolytic and tantalum output. This article will help novice radio amateurs to recognize various electrolytic capacitors among all kinds of radio elements.
Along with other capacitors, electrolytic capacitors have some specific properties that must be considered when using them in homemade electronic devices, as well as during the repair of electronics.
This article is intended to give a beginner radio amateur a place to start. In various technical publications, such material is also rare. That is what makes him valuable.
The table shows the letter designation of the main radio elements on radio circuits in accordance with the state standard (GOST). The letter designation of radio elements indicated in the table is not a dogma, and is generally not observed by the developers of radio circuits. For example, in accordance with GOST, the designation of a potentiometer (variable resistor) is RP, and on the diagrams it is most often found simply - R. When a specialist of any level “reads” a radio circuit, he accurately determines that the letter designation refers specifically to this potentiometer, and not to another radio element. The main thing is that the first letter of the designation corresponds.
There were times when I was designing a circuit, and when I put letters on the circuit, I suddenly found that I did not remember which letter denoted a rarely used element. Then I turned to this plate. Therefore, this table with letter designations can be useful not only for beginner radio amateurs.
| Basic designation | Element name | Additional designation | Device type |
| A | Device | AA AK AKS | current regulator Relay box Device |
| B | Converters | BA bf BK BL BM BS | Speaker Telephone Thermal sensor Photocell Microphone Pickup |
| WITH | Capacitors | SW CG | Power capacitor bank Charging Capacitor Block |
| D | Integrated circuits, microassemblies | DA DD | IC analog IC digital, logical element |
| E | Elements are different | EK EL | Thermal electric heater Lighting lamp |
| F | Surge arresters, fuses, protection devices | FA FP FU FV | Discrete instantaneous current protection element Discrete current protection element of inertial action fuse spark gap |
| G | Generators, power supplies | GB GC G.E. | Battery pack Synchronous compensator Generator exciter |
| H | Indicating and signaling devices | HA HG HL HLA HLG HLR HLW HV | Sound alarm device Indicator Light signaling device Signal board Signal lamp with green lens Signal lamp with red lens Signal lamp with white lens Ionic and semiconductor indicators |
| K | Relays, contactors, starters | KA KH KK KM KT KV KCC KCT KL | Current relay Relay index Relay electrothermal Contactor, magnetic starter Time relay Voltage relay Close command relay Trip command relay Intermediate relay |
| L | Inductors, chokes | LL LR LM | choke fluorescent lighting Reactor Motor excitation winding |
| M | Engines | MA | Electric motors |
| R | Measuring instruments | PA PC PF PI PK PR PT PV PW | Ammeter Pulse counter Frequency meter Active energy meter Reactive Energy Meter Ohmmeter Action time meter, hours Voltmeter Wattmeter |
| Q | Power switches and disconnectors | QF | Automatic switch |
| R | Resistors | RK RP RS EN RR | Thermistor Potentiometer Measuring shunt Varistor Rheostat |
| S | Control and switching devices | SA SB SF | Switch, or switch push button switch Automatic switch |
| T | Transformers, autotransformers | TA TV | Current transformer voltage transformer |
| U | Converters | UB UR UG UV | Modulator Demodulator power unit Frequency converter |
| V | Electrovacuum and semiconductor devices | VD VL VT VS | diode, zener diode Electrovacuum device Transistor Thyristor |
| X | Contact connectors | XA XP XS XW | current collector Pin Nest High frequency connector |
| Y | Mechanical devices with electromagnetic drive | YA YAB | Electromagnet electromagnetic lock |
Beginning radio amateurs often face such a problem as the designation of radio components on diagrams and the correct reading of their markings. The main difficulty lies in in large numbers names of elements, which are represented by transistors, resistors, capacitors, diodes and other details. How correctly the diagram is read depends largely on its practical implementation and the normal operation of the finished product.
Resistors include radio components that have a strictly defined resistance to the electric current flowing through them. This function designed to reduce the current in the circuit. For example, to make the lamp shine less brightly, power is supplied to it through a resistor. The higher the resistance of the resistor, the less the lamp will glow. For fixed resistors, the resistance remains unchanged, and variable resistors can change their resistance from zero to the maximum possible value.
Each fixed resistor has two main parameters - power and resistance. The power value is indicated on the diagram not with alphabetic or numeric characters, but with the help of special lines. The power itself is determined by the formula: P \u003d U x I, that is, it is equal to the product of voltage and current. This parameter is important, since one or another resistor can only withstand certain value power. If this value is exceeded, the element will simply burn out, since heat is generated during the passage of current through the resistance. Therefore, in the figure, each line marked on the resistor corresponds to a certain power.
There are other ways to designate resistors in diagrams:
The name of fixed resistors is associated with their nominal resistance, which remains unchanged throughout the entire period of operation. They differ from each other depending on the design and materials.
Wire elements consist of metal wires. In some cases, high resistivity alloys may be used. The basis for winding the wire is a ceramic frame. These resistors have a high nominal value accuracy, and the presence of a large self-inductance is considered a serious drawback. In the manufacture of film metal resistors, a metal with a high resistivity is sprayed onto the ceramic base. Due to their qualities, such elements are most widely used.
The design of carbon fixed resistors can be film or bulk. In this case, the qualities of graphite are used as a material with high resistivity. There are other resistors, for example, integral ones. They are used in specific integrated circuits where the use of other elements is not possible.
Beginning radio amateurs often confuse a variable resistor with a variable capacitor, because outwardly they are very similar to each other. However, they have completely different functions, and there are also significant differences in the display on circuit diagrams.
The design of the variable resistor includes a slider that rotates along the resistive surface. Its main function is to adjust the parameters, which consists in changing the internal resistance to the desired value. This principle is based on the operation of the sound control in audio equipment and other similar devices. All adjustments are carried out by smoothly changing the voltage and current in electronic devices.
The main parameter of a variable resistor is resistance, which can vary within certain limits. In addition, it has an installed power that it must withstand. All types of resistors have these qualities.
On domestic circuit diagrams, elements of a variable type are indicated in the form of a rectangle, on which two main and one additional output are marked, located vertically or passing through the icon diagonally.
On foreign schemes, the rectangle is replaced by a curved line with the designation of an additional output. Next to the designation is placed English letter R with the ordinal number of one or another element. The value of the nominal resistance is put next to it.
In electronics and electrical engineering, resistor connections in various combinations and configurations are quite often used. For clarity, consider separate plot circuits with serial, parallel and.
With a series connection, the end of one resistor is connected to the beginning of the next element. Thus, all resistors are connected one after another, and a total current of the same value flows through them. There is only one path for current to flow between the start and end points. With an increase in the number of resistors connected in a common circuit, there is a corresponding increase in the total resistance.
Such a connection is considered parallel when the initial ends of all resistors are combined at one point, and the final outputs at another point. Current flows through each individual resistor. As a result of the parallel connection, as the number of connected resistors increases, the number of paths for current to flow also increases. The total resistance in such a section decreases in proportion to the number of connected resistors. It will always be less than the resistance of any resistor connected in parallel.
Most often in radio electronics, a mixed connection is used, which is a combination of parallel and series options.
In the presented circuit, resistors R2 and R3 are connected in parallel. The series connection includes resistor R1, a combination of R2 and R3, and resistor R4. In order to calculate the resistance of such a connection, the entire circuit is divided into several simple sections. After that, the resistance values are summed up and the overall result is obtained.
A standard semiconductor diode consists of two terminals and one rectifying electrical junction. All elements of the system are combined in a common body made of ceramic, glass, metal or plastic. One part of the crystal is called the emitter, due to the high concentration of impurities, and the other part, with a low concentration, is called the base. The marking of semiconductors on the diagrams reflects them design features and specifications.
For the manufacture of semiconductors, germanium or silicon is used. In the first case, it is possible to achieve a higher transmission coefficient. Germanium elements are characterized by increased conductivity, for which even a low voltage is sufficient.
Depending on the design, semiconductors can be point or planar, and according to technological features, they can be rectifier, pulsed or universal.
The capacitor is a system that includes two or more electrodes made in the form of plates - linings. They are separated by a dielectric, which is much thinner than the capacitor plates. The whole device has mutual capacitance and has the ability to save electric charge. On the simplest scheme the capacitor is presented in the form of two parallel metal plates separated by some kind of dielectric material.
On the circuit diagram, next to the image of the capacitor, its nominal capacitance is indicated in microfarads (uF) or picofarads (pF). When designating electrolytic and high-voltage capacitors, after the nominal capacitance, the value of the maximum operating voltage, measured in volts (V) or kilovolts (kV), is indicated.
Capacitors with variable capacitance are denoted by two parallel segments, which are crossed by an inclined arrow. Movable plates connected at a certain point in the circuit are shown as a short arc. Near it, the designation of the minimum and maximum capacity is affixed. A block of capacitors, consisting of several sections, is combined using a dashed line crossing the adjustment signs (arrows).
The designation of the trimmer capacitor includes an oblique line with a dash at the end instead of an arrow. The rotor is displayed as a short arc. Other elements - thermal capacitors are designated by the letters SK. In its graphical representation, a temperature symbol is affixed near the non-linear adjustment sign.
Graphic designations of capacitors with a constant capacitance are widely used. They are depicted as two parallel segments and conclusions from the middle of each of them. The letter C is placed next to the icon, after it is the serial number of the element and, with a small interval, the numerical designation of the nominal capacity.
When using a capacitor with in a circuit, an asterisk is applied instead of its serial number. The rated voltage value is indicated only for high voltage circuits. This applies to all capacitors, except for electrolytic ones. The digital symbol for voltage is placed after the designation of the capacitance.
The connection of many electrolytic capacitors requires polarity. In the diagrams, a “+” sign or a narrow rectangle is used to indicate a positive lining. In the absence of polarity, both plates are marked with narrow rectangles.
Diodes are among the simplest semiconductor devices that operate on the basis of an electron-hole junction, known as a p-n junction. The property of one-way conductivity is clearly conveyed in graphic symbols. A standard diode is depicted as a triangle symbolizing the anode. The vertex of the triangle indicates the direction of conduction and abuts against the transverse line denoting the cathode. The entire image is crossed in the center by an electrical circuit line.
For the letter designation VD is used. It displays not only individual elements, but also entire groups, for example, . The type of a particular diode is indicated next to its reference designation.
The base symbol is also used to designate zener diodes, which are semiconductor diodes with special properties. There is a short stroke in the cathode directed towards the triangle symbolizing the anode. This stroke is located invariably, regardless of the position of the zener diode icon on the circuit diagram.
Most electronic components have only two pins. However, elements such as transistors are equipped with three terminals. Their designs come in a variety of types, shapes and sizes. General principles they work the same, and small differences are associated with technical specifications specific element.
Transistors are primarily used as electronic switches to turn on and off various devices. The main convenience of such devices is the ability to switch high voltage using a low voltage source.
At its core, each transistor is a semiconductor device with the help of which electrical oscillations are generated, amplified and converted. The most widespread are bipolar transistors with the same electrical conductivity of the emitter and collector.
In the diagrams, they are indicated by the letter code VT. The graphic image is a short dash, from the middle of which a line departs. This symbol represents the base. Two inclined lines are drawn to its edges at an angle of 60 0, representing the emitter and collector.
The electrical conductivity of the base depends on the direction of the emitter needle. If it is directed towards the base, then the electrical conductivity of the emitter is p, and that of the base is n. When the arrow is directed in the opposite direction, the emitter and base change the electrical conductivity to the opposite value. Knowledge of electrical conductivity is necessary for correct connection transistor to the power supply.
In order to make the designation on the diagrams of the radio components of the transistor more visual, it is placed in a circle, meaning the case. In some cases, a metal case is connected to one of the terminals of the element. Such a place on the diagram is displayed as a dot, affixed where the output intersects with the body symbol. If there is a separate output on the case, then the line indicating the output can be connected to a circle without a dot. Near the positional designation of the transistor, its type is indicated, which can significantly increase the information content of the circuit.
|
Basic designation |
Element name |
Additional designation |
Device type |
|
Device |
current regulator |
||
|
Relay box |
|||
|
Device |
|||
|
Converters |
Speaker |
||
|
Thermal sensor |
|||
|
Photocell |
|||
|
Microphone |
|||
|
Pickup |
|||
|
Capacitors |
Power capacitor bank |
||
|
Charging Capacitor Block |
|||
|
Integrated circuits, microassemblies |
IC analog |
||
|
IC digital, logic element |
|||
|
Elements are different |
Thermal electric heater |
||
|
Lighting lamp |
|||
|
Surge arresters, fuses, protective devices |
Discrete instantaneous current protection element |
||
|
The same, for the current of inertial action |
|||
|
fuse |
|||
|
Discharger |
|||
|
Generators, power supplies |
Battery pack |
||
|
Synchronous compensator |
|||
|
Generator exciter |
|||
|
Indicating and signaling devices |
Sound alarm device |
||
|
Indicator |
|||
|
Light signaling device |
|||
|
Signal board |
|||
|
Signal lamp with green lens |
|||
|
Signal lamp with red lens |
|||
|
Signal lamp with white lens |
|||
|
Ionic and semiconductor indicators |
|||
|
Relays, contactors, starters |
Current relay |
||
|
Relay index |
|||
|
Relay electrothermal |
|||
|
Contactor, magnetic starter |
|||
|
Time relay |
|||
|
Voltage relay |
|||
|
Close command relay |
|||
|
Trip command relay |
|||
|
Intermediate relay |
|||
|
Inductors, chokes |
Fluorescent lighting choke |
||
|
Action time meter, hours |
|||
|
Voltmeter |
|||
|
Wattmeter |
|||
|
Power switches and disconnectors |
Automatic switch |
||
|
Resistors |
Thermistor |
||
|
Potentiometer |
|||
|
Measuring shunt |
|||
|
Varistor |
|||
|
Switching device in control, signaling and measuring circuits |
Breaker or switch |
||
|
push button switch |
|||
|
Automatic switch |
|||
|
Autotransformers |
Current transformer |
||
|
Voltage transformers |
|||
|
Converters |
Modulator |
||
|
Demodulator |
|||
|
power unit |
|||
|
Frequency converter |
|||
|
Electrovacuum and semiconductor devices |
diode, zener diode |
||
|
Electrovacuum device |
|||
|
Transistor |
|||
|
Thyristor |
|||
|
Contact connectors |
current collector |
||
|
High frequency connector |
|||
|
Mechanical devices with electromagnetic drive |
Electromagnet |
||
|
electromagnetic lock |
In the article you will learn about what radio components exist. Designations on the diagram according to GOST will be considered. You need to start with the most common - resistors and capacitors.
To assemble any design, you need to know how the radio components look in reality, as well as how they are indicated on electrical diagrams. There are a lot of radio components - transistors, capacitors, resistors, diodes, etc.
Capacitors are parts that are found in any design without exception. Usually the simplest capacitors are two metal plates. And air acts as a dielectric component. I immediately remember the lessons of physics at school, when the topic of capacitors was covered. Two huge flat round pieces of iron acted as a model. They were brought closer to each other, then moved away. And measurements were taken in each position. It is worth noting that mica can be used instead of air, as well as any material that does not conduct electricity. The designation of radio components on imported circuit diagrams differs from the GOSTs adopted in our country.
Note that conventional capacitors do not carry direct current. On the other hand, it passes through it without much difficulty. Given this property, a capacitor is installed only where it is necessary to separate the variable component in direct current. Therefore, we can make an equivalent circuit (according to Kirchhoff's theorem):
The main characteristic of a capacitor is its electrical capacitance. The unit of capacitance is Farad. She is very big. In practice, as a rule, they are used which are measured in microfarads, nanofarads, microfarads. In the diagrams, the capacitor is indicated in the form of two parallel dashes, from which there are taps.
There is also a type of device in which the capacitance changes (in this case due to the fact that there are movable plates). The capacitance depends on the size of the plate (in the formula S is its area), as well as on the distance between the electrodes. In a variable capacitor with an air dielectric, for example, due to the presence of a moving part, it is possible to quickly change the area. Therefore, the capacitance will also change. But the designation of radio components on foreign schemes is somewhat different. A resistor, for example, is depicted on them as a broken curve.
These elements have differences in design, as well as in the materials from which they are made. The most popular types of dielectrics can be distinguished:
But this applies only to non-polar elements. There are also electrolytic capacitors (polar). It is these elements that have very large capacities - from tenths of microfarads to several thousand. In addition to the capacitance, such elements have one more parameter - the maximum voltage value at which its use is allowed. These parameters are written on the diagrams and on the capacitor cases.
It is worth noting that in the case of using trimmer or variable capacitors, two values \u200b\u200bare indicated - the minimum and maximum capacity. In fact, on the case you can always find a certain range in which the capacitance changes if you turn the axis of the device from one extreme position to another.
Let's say we have a variable capacitor with a capacitance of 9-240 (default measurement in picofarads). This means that with a minimum overlap of the plates, the capacitance will be 9 pF. And at the maximum - 240 pF. It is worth considering in more detail the designation of radio components on the diagram and their name in order to be able to read the technical documentation correctly.
We can immediately distinguish three types (there are just so many) connections of elements:
And that's just general information about capacitors, in fact, you can talk a lot about them, cite entertaining experiments as an example.
These elements can also be found in any design - even in a radio receiver, even in a control circuit on a microcontroller. This is a porcelain tube, on which a thin film of metal (carbon - in particular, soot) is deposited on the outside. However, even graphite can be applied - the effect will be similar. If the resistors have a very low resistance and high power, then it is used as a conductive layer
The main characteristic of a resistor is its resistance. Used in electrical circuits to set the required current value in certain circuits. At physics lessons, a comparison was made with a barrel filled with water: if you change the diameter of the pipe, you can adjust the speed of the jet. It should be noted that the resistance depends on the thickness of the conductive layer. The thinner this layer, the higher the resistance. Wherein conventions radio components in the diagrams do not depend on the size of the element.
As for such elements, the most common types can be distinguished:
Resistors have two main parameters - power and resistance. The last parameter is measured in ohms. But this unit of measurement is extremely small, so in practice you will often find elements whose resistance is measured in megaohms and kiloohms. Power is measured exclusively in watts. Moreover, the dimensions of the element depend on the power. The larger it is, the larger the element. And now about what is the designation of radio components. On the diagrams of imported and domestic devices, all elements can be designated differently.
On domestic circuits, a resistor is a small rectangle with an aspect ratio of 1: 3, its parameters are written either on the side (if the element is located vertically) or on top (in the case of a horizontal arrangement). First indicated latin letter R, then - the serial number of the resistor in the circuit.
Constant resistances have only two outputs. But there are three variables. On the electrical diagrams and on the body of the element, the resistance between the two extreme contacts is indicated. But between the middle and any of the extremes, the resistance will vary depending on the position in which the axis of the resistor is located. Moreover, if you connect two ohmmeters, you can see how the reading of one will change down, and the second - up. You need to understand how to read circuit diagrams of electronic devices. The designations of radio components will also not be superfluous to know.
The total resistance (between the extreme terminals) will remain unchanged. Variable resistors are used to control the gain (with their help you change the volume in radios, TVs). In addition, variable resistors are actively used in cars. These are fuel level sensors, electric motor speed controllers, lighting brightness.
In this case, the picture is completely opposite to that of the capacitors:
On this, you can close the review of resistors and begin to describe the most interesting elements - semiconductors (the designations of radio components in the diagrams, GOST for UGO, are discussed below).
This is the largest part of all radio elements, since semiconductors include not only zener diodes, transistors, diodes, but also varicaps, varicondas, thyristors, triacs, microcircuits, etc. Yes, microcircuits are one crystal that can contain a great variety of radio elements - and capacitors, and resistances, and pn-junctions.
As you know, there are conductors (metals, for example), dielectrics (wood, plastic, fabrics). Can be various designations radio components in the diagram (the triangle is most likely a diode or a zener diode). But it is worth noting that a triangle without additional elements denotes a logical ground in microprocessor technology.
These materials either conduct current or they don't, regardless of the state of aggregation they are in. But there are also semiconductors, the properties of which vary depending on specific conditions. These are materials such as silicon, germanium. By the way, glass can also be partly attributed to semiconductors - in its normal state it does not conduct current, but when heated, the picture is completely opposite.
A semiconductor diode has only two electrodes: a cathode (negative) and an anode (positive). But what are the features of this radio component? You can see the designations on the diagram above. So, you connect the power supply with a plus to the anode and a minus to the cathode. In this case, electric current will flow from one electrode to another. It is worth noting that the element in this case has extremely low resistance. Now you can conduct an experiment and connect the battery in reverse, then the current resistance increases several times, and it stops flowing. And if you direct an alternating current through the diode, you will get a constant output (though with small ripples). When using a bridge switching circuit, two half-waves (positive) are obtained.
Zener diodes, like diodes, have two electrodes - a cathode and an anode. IN direct connection this element works in exactly the same way as the diode discussed above. But if you start the current in the opposite direction, you can see a very interesting picture. Initially, the zener diode does not pass current through itself. But when the voltage reaches a certain value, a breakdown occurs, and the element conducts current. This is the stabilization voltage. A very good property, thanks to which it is possible to achieve a stable voltage in the circuits, to completely get rid of fluctuations, even the smallest ones. The designation of radio components on the diagrams is in the form of a triangle, and at its top there is a line perpendicular to the height.
If diodes and zener diodes can sometimes not even be found in designs, then you will find transistors in any (except Transistors have three electrodes:
Transistors can operate in several modes, but most often they are used in amplifying and key (like a switch). You can make a comparison with a mouthpiece - they shouted into the base, an amplified voice flew out of the collector. And hold on to the emitter with your hand - this is the case. The main characteristic of transistors is the gain (the ratio of the collector and base current). It is this parameter, along with many others, that is the main one for this radio component. The designations on the diagram for the transistor are a vertical line and two lines approaching it at an angle. There are several most common types of transistors:
There are also transistor assemblies, consisting of several amplifying elements. These are the most common radio components. The designations on the diagram were discussed in the article.
