Systemic software - a set of programs and software systems to ensure the operation of a computer and computer networks. This class of software products is closely related to the type of computer and is an integral part of it, and they are also focused mainly on qualified users.
System software directed to:
- to create operating environment functioning of other programs;
- to ensure the reliable and efficient operation of the computer itself and computer network;
– for diagnostics and prevention of computer equipment and computer networks;
– to perform auxiliary technological processes (copying, archiving, restoring program files and databases, etc.)
The system software is divided into:
- basic software - usually supplied with the computer;
– service software – can be purchased separately.
Basic software- This is the minimum set of software tools that ensure the operation of a computer.
Service software- these are programs and software systems that expand the capabilities of the basic software and organize a more convenient user environment.
IN basic software includes:
- operating system;
– operating shells(text and graphics);
- network operating system.
operating system designed to manage the execution of user programs, planning and managing computer computing resources. There are the following types operating systems: Windows 98, Windows XP Professional, Windows Home Edition, Linux, Unix, etc.
Operating systems for personal computers are divided into:
– single- and multi-tasking (depending on the number of application processes running in parallel);
- single and multi-user (depending on the number of users simultaneously working with the operating system);
– non-portable and portable to other types of computers;
- non-network and network, providing work in a local computer network.
Network operating systems is a set of programs that provides processing, transmission and storage of data in the network. The network OS provides users with different kinds network services(file management, e-mail, network management process, etc.), supports work in subscriber systems. The most widespread are LAN Server, NetWare, VINES.
They are evaluated according to a set of criteria: performance, variety of user communication options, administration capabilities.
Operating shells- This special programs, designed to facilitate user communication with operating system commands. Operating shells have text and graphic options for the end user interface.
These programs greatly simplify the setting of control information for the execution of operating system commands, reduce the tension and complexity of the end user.
These are very popular all over the world. graphic shells MS DOS like Windows 3.1, Windows 3.11 for WorkGroup, which allow you to change the environment of user interaction with a computer, expand the set of basic (file manager, graphics editor, text editor, file cabinet, etc.) and service functions that provide the user with an integrated information technology.
An extension of the basic computer software is a set of service, additionally installed programs that can be classified according to their functionality as follows:
- programs for diagnosing the health of a computer;
– antivirus programs, which provide computer protection, detection and recovery of infected files;
- disk maintenance programs that check the quality of the surface of a magnetic disk, control the safety of the file system on the logical and physical levels, disk compression, creation of insurance copies of disks, backup of data on external media and etc.;
System software (System Software) are programs and software systems for the operation of a computer and telecommunications equipment. System Software acts as a "simultaneous interpreter" between the user application and directly with the hardware. According to one of the classifications, system software includes only service (service) software, according to another classification, open source software is a two-level software that consists of basic software and service software.
Whether it is possible to classify this or that software as system software depends on the agreements that have been written in a particular context. We will adhere to the second point of view (more common), when both basic software (not to be confused with BIOS) and service software are referred to as system software (SSW). These are operating systems, shells, utilities, drivers, programming systems, database management systems, middleware.
SPO serves:
System software "organizes" the work of all components of the computer, as well as peripheral devices connected to it.
Remark 1
System software must be reliable, technologically advanced, convenient and efficient to use. Software products This group is designed mainly for professionals in the computer field: network administrator, system programmer, application programmer, operator. However, knowledge of the basic technology of working with open source software is also required for qualified users. personal computer, those who, as a rule, independently perform maintenance of programs, data and, in fact, a computer, and not only work with their programs.
Usually open source software is divided into basic and service.
Basic software. This includes:
Service software - programs and software packages that give more opportunities to the basic software and organize a more convenient environment for the user to work. Such programs are often called utilities (except for antiviruses, this term does not apply to them).
Picture 1.
Definition 1
Utilities- programs that serve to maintain computers or to perform auxiliary data processing operations, such as hardware and software diagnostics, optimization of the use of disk space, recovery of destroyed information on a magnetic disk, etc.
The main purpose of utilities− automation of work on verification, adjustment and adjustment computer system.
This set of service, additionally installed programs can be classified as follows (by function):
SPO traditionally includes:
System management programs organize the correct operation of all devices in the system. These are, as a rule, resident programs (located in the main memory) that make up the kernel of the OS. Control programs that are loaded into memory immediately before execution are called transitive.
Main functions of system control programs− management of computer systems, management of computing processes and work with OS internal data.
System control programs are supplied by developers and distributors in the form of OS installation packages and special device drivers.
System processing programs run as special application tasks, or applications. They are most often delivered in the form of distribution packages that include software.
Software is an integral part of a computer system. It is a logical continuation of technical means. The scope of a particular computer is determined by the software created for it. The computer itself does not have knowledge in any area of application. All this knowledge is concentrated in programs running on computers. Software modern computers includes millions of programs - from gaming to scientific.There are two main types of software: system (also called general) and application (called special). Each type of software performs different functions. Systemic software is a set of programs that control computer components such as the processor, communications, and peripherals. Programmers who create a system software are called systems programmers. Application software refers to programs written for users, or by users themselves, to make a computer do a specific job. Order processing or mailing list programs are examples of application software. Programmers who write application software are called application programmers.
Both types of software are interconnected and can be represented in the form of a diagram shown in Fig. 2.1. As you can see, each area closely interacts with the other. Systemic software provides and controls access to hardware computer. Applied software interacts with hardware components through the system. End users primarily work with application software. To ensure hardware compatibility, each type of software is developed for a specific hardware platform.
Rice. 2.1.
System software, which includes operating system, language translators and utilities, controls access to hardware. Application software, such as programming languages and various user applications, work with hardware through the system software layer. Users, in turn, interact with the application software.
Software systems can be classified according to various criteria. Consider the classification, in which the fundamental feature is the scope (area) of use of software products:
For support information technology in these areas, there are respectively three classes of software products presented in Figure 2.2:
Systemic software(System Software) - a set of programs and software systems designed to ensure the operation of a computer and computer networks. Systemic software performs the following tasks:
This class of software products is closely related to the type of computer and is an integral part of it. Software products are mainly focused on qualified users - professionals in the computer field: system programmer, network administrator, application programmer, operator. However, knowledge of the basic technology for working with this class of software products is also required by the end users of a personal computer, who independently not only work with their programs, but also perform maintenance of the computer, programs and data.
Software products of this class are of a general nature of application, regardless of the specifics subject area. They are subject to high requirements for reliability and manufacturability of work, convenience and efficiency of use.
Applied software is a complex of interrelated programs designed to solve problems of a certain class of a specific subject area. Application packages(IFR) general purpose serve as software tools for solving functional problems and are the most numerous class of software products. This class includes software products that process information in various subject areas.
Application packages are installed on the computer system administrators, system programmers, and (in some cases) qualified users. The direct operation of software products is carried out, as a rule, by end users - consumers of information, in many cases whose activities are very far from the computer field. This class of software products can be very specific to individual subject areas.
The programming technology toolkit is a set of programs and software systems that provide technology for the development, debugging and implementation of created software products.
Programming technology tools include specialized software products that are tools developer. Software products of this class support all technological stages of the process of designing, programming (coding), debugging and testing the created programs. Programming technology users are system and application programmers.
Systemic software(Figure 2.3) can be divided into basic software, which, as a rule, comes with the computer, and the service software which can be purchased separately.
Basic software( base software ) - a minimum set of software tools that ensure the operation of a computer. Service software includes programs and software packages that expand the capabilities of the basic software and organize a more convenient user environment.
To base software includes:
operating system designed to manage the execution of user programs, planning and managing computer computing resources.
The most traditional OS comparison is carried out according to the following characteristics of the information processing process:
Operating systems, given their central position in computer software, are discussed in detail in the next chapter of the textbook.
Operating shells are special programs designed to facilitate the user's communication with the commands of the operating system. Operating shells have textual and graphical end-user interface options, and in the future speech interface options and recognition are possible. handwriting data. These programs greatly simplify the setting of control information for the execution of operating system commands, reduce the tension and complexity of the end user.
An extension of the basic computer software is a set of service, additionally installed programs (or programs supplied directly with operating systems), which can be classified according to their functionality as follows:
These programs are often referred to as utilities. Utilities - programs that are used to perform auxiliary data processing operations or computer maintenance (diagnostics, testing hardware and software, optimizing the use of disk space, recovering information destroyed on a magnetic disk, etc.).
In modern operating systems, such utilities can be represented, as, for example, in Windows, by groups of programs "standard" and "utilities". They include a number useful programs: calculator, sound recorder, notepad, etc. In the "utility" group there are a number of programs that expand the capabilities of the operating system: cleaning and defragmenting the disk, system recovery, etc.
Software
Implementations information processes
Software classification
Operating system: functions, structure, classification
Files and file system
Computer viruses. Antivirus programs
Software classification.
Software ( Software ) is an integral part of the computer. It is a logical continuation of the technical means of computers, expanding their capabilities and scope of use.
Software is a collection of programs executed by a computer system.
1. System software- a set of programs that defines the system environment on a computer and the rules for working in it. Implements
computer resource management.
Creation of copies of used information.
Checking the performance of computer devices.
issuance background information about the computer, etc.
The system software consists of
operating system is a basic and necessary component of the computer system software. See below for operating system.
Dialog (operating shells) - programs that act as an intermediary between the user and computer software
Functions:
Making it easier for the user to perform file operations ( quick search, copying, deleting, etc.);
More convenient application launch;
The ability to move from one application to another more quickly when multitasking.
Service programs(utilities) special programs of a servicing (service) nature: diagnostic programs; disk maintenance programs; programs for working with CD / DVD ; archivers; antivirus programs, etc.
2. Application software that directly ensure the performance of the work required by users. Each application environment is designed to create and study a certain type of computer object.
share
· general purpose software
A set of applications that are useful to most users, regardless of their professional interests.
Text editors and processors
WordPad, MS Word, MS Publisher, Promt, Socrates
Graphic editor and graphics packages
Paint, MS PhotoDraw, Corel Xara, Corel Draw, Adobe Photoshop
Database management systems (DBMS) MS Access
Table processors MS Excel
Packages of multimedia presentations MS PowerPoint, Movie Maker
Communication Internet programs explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, MS Outlook
Computer game programs
PPO for special purposes
Specialized programs (professionally oriented) for solving information tasks intended for a narrow circle of users.
Music and sound editors
Accounting programs
and packages
Expert systems
Math packages
Computer-aided design systems (CAD)
Electronic educational publications and resources
3. Instrumental software systems , which facilitate the process of creating new programs for the computer. This class of programs is designed to create system and application software.
Programming system is a system for developing new programs in a particular programming language.
Modern systems Programming programs usually provide users with powerful and convenient programming tools. They include:
compiler or interpreter
· integrated development environment;
· means of creation and editing of texts of programs;
extensive libraries standard programs and functions;
Debugging programs, i.e. programs that help find and fix errors in the program;
user-friendly interactive environment;
· multi-window mode of operation;
powerful graphics libraries; utilities for working with libraries;
Built-in assembler
built-in help desk;
other specific features.
Popular programming systems are Turbo Basic, Quick Basic, Turbo Pascal, Turbo C.
Translator (English translator - translator) is a translator program. It converts a program written in one of the high-level languages into a program consisting of machine instructions. Translators are implemented as compilers or interpreters. In terms of doing work, a compiler and an interpreter are very different.
Compiler (English compiler - compiler, collector) reads the entire program, translates it, and creates a finished version of the program in machine language, which is then executed.
Interpreter (English interpreter - interpreter, interpreter) translates and executes the program line by line.
After the program is compiled, neither source program, no compiler is needed anymore. At the same time, the program processed by the interpreter must be re-translated into machine language each time the program is run.
Compiled programs run faster, but interpreted programs are easier to fix and change.
Each specific language is focused either on compilation or interpretation, depending on the purpose for which it was created. For example, Pascal is usually used to solve rather complex problems in which the speed of programs is important. That's why given language usually implemented with a compiler.
On the other hand, BASIC was created as a language for novice programmers, for whom line-by-line program execution has undeniable advantages.
Sometimes there is both a compiler and an interpreter for the same language. In this case, you can use an interpreter to develop and test the program, and then compile the debugged program to speed up its execution.
The system does not solve specific practical problems, but only ensures the operation of other programs, providing them with service functions, abstracting details of hardware and firmware implementation computing system, manages the hardware resources of the computing system.
System Programming- Creation of system software.
System programmer- a programmer specializing in systems programming.
The assignment of this or that software to the system is conditional, and depends on the conventions used in a particular context. As a rule, system software includes operating systems, utilities, programming systems, database management systems, a wide class of middleware.
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The forerunner of operating systems should be considered utility programs (loaders and monitors), as well as libraries of frequently used subroutines that began to be developed with the advent of universal computers of the 1st generation (late 1940s). Utility programs minimized the physical manipulations of the operator with the equipment, and libraries made it possible to avoid repeated programming of the same actions (performing I / O operations, calculating mathematical functions, etc.).
Embedded programs or firmware are programs "hardwired" into digital electronic devices. In some cases (for example, the BIOS of IBM-PC compatible computers) are, in fact, part of the operating system stored in permanent memory. In enough simple devices the entire operating system can be embedded. Many devices of modern computers have their own "firmware" that controls these devices and simplifies interaction with them.
Utilities (eng. utility or tool) - programs designed to solve a narrow range of auxiliary tasks. Utilities are sometimes referred to as utility software.
Utilities are used to monitor sensor performance and hardware performance (for example, monitor processor or video adapter temperatures), manage hardware parameters (limit the maximum rotation speed of a CD drive; change fan speed), monitor indicators (check referential integrity; correct data recording), extend features (formatting or re-partitioning the disk with data preservation, deletion without the possibility of recovery).
