Many people know that the telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell, but if you look, the idea was developed even when he was very small. It turns out that he simply appropriated this development. So who invented the first telephone? It was Antonio Meucci. How did the long telephone history develop? Who invented the mobile phone? Let's try to figure it out.
The development of the telephone would have been impossible if people had not learned how to convert sound vibrations into electrical impulses. In 1833, this was carried out by K. F. Gauss and W. E. Weber in Göttingen. In 1837, a phenomenon was discovered, which was later called "galvanic music". The electric circuit consists of a horseshoe magnet, a tuning fork, and during the vibrations of the tuning fork, which open and close the circuit, the electromagnet began to emit a melodious sound.
The first words that were spoken over the phone in 1861 went down in history as winged: "A horse does not eat cucumber salad." Therefore, in what year the telephone was invented, it is easy to calculate.
Antonio Meucci was born on April 13, 1808 in Florence. During his life, he founded a brewery factory, in 1860 he opened a factory, which became the first in the world to produce.
1854 made Antonio think about developing a way to transmit sound signals over a distance. He was prompted to this idea by the illness of his wife, who was greatly tormented by rheumatism. Sometimes she couldn't even leave her room.
In 1866, an accident occurred at his factory: the boiler exploded. Because of this, Meucci was hospitalized for three months. Subsequently, he was fired from his job, and his wife had to sell some of his designs to help out at least some money. Among them were designs and Meucci continued to develop, and in 1871 he filed an application with the United States Patent Office. Lack of finances led to the loss of the patent in 1873.
On June 11, 2002, the United States adopted a resolution about who invented the telephone. Congress recognized Antonio Meucci as the inventor. The reason for the non-recognition of the Italian as the author of the development during his lifetime was indicated by insufficient knowledge in English to understand the intricacies of legal matters. He was unable to hire a lawyer and defend his rights in court. Even after a detailed presentation of all the nuances of the development, which a priori proved his absolute rightness, he was only 10 dollars short of paying the tax. If he had found the right amount, then the whole world in 1874 would have recognized the primacy of Antonio Meucci, and not Bell.
So, in 1876, two applicants A. Bell and I. Gray appeared at the Patent Office at once. A few days later, Bell was issued a copyright certificate for "a telegraphic device that can transmit human speech." The improved model consisted of a wooden stand, an acid tank (this served as a battery), an auditory tube, and copper wires. The creator nicknamed his model "gallows" for its unusual shape. Gray was denied a patent.
For a long time, the primitive phone model remained in the shadows. And only in June 1876, he nevertheless decided to show it at an exhibition in Philadelphia. The guests remained indifferent to the presented apparatus until the end of the exhibition. Already during the closing time, a tall man stopped by the phone, who turned out to be the emperor of Brazil. He was very interested in the exhibited novelty and leaned the earpiece to his ear. What was his surprise when he heard a human voice there! From that moment on, the novelty became a worldwide sensation and quickly gained popularity.
Thus, we found out who invented the telephone, but the modern communication device is very different from the first. Technologies have developed so much that there is practically nothing left in common with the models familiar to us, except for the principle of operation. And who invented the mobile phone, we will find out further.
A cellular or mobile phone is designed to work in cellular communication. For its implementation by telephone, ordinary telephone communication and a radio band transceiver are used.
Among all types of mobile communications, cellular is the most common. A mobile phone is often referred to as a cell phone, although this is not entirely true. Mobile are trunk communications, and radiotelephones, and satellite phones.
Who invented the cell phone and when, not many people know. Today we cannot imagine our life without it. And the story began, it turns out, not so long ago.
The first idea for telephone communication came in 1946 from AT&T Bell Labs. The firm developed the world's first radiotelephone service. It was a telephone hybrid and a radio transmitter. A radio station was installed in the car, and this was the only way to make a call. It was impossible to speak at the same time, because in order to speak, it was necessary to press a button, as in a walkie-talkie, then, releasing, one could hear a message in response. The device weighed 12 kg, was placed in the trunk of the car, and the remote control and handset were taken out into the car. For the sake of the antenna, they drilled holes in the car!
Already in 1957, the Russian scientist L. Kupriyanov experimentally created a sample of a mobile phone. Its weight was 3 kg. Later, the weight of the apparatus was reduced to 0.5 kg, then to 70 g. In 1973, the world's first portable phone, the first call on which was made on April 3. Motorola DynaTAc, that's what this device was called, had 12 keys, it lacked a display and functions. You could talk for only 35 minutes and charging required 10 hours of waiting.
1984 was marked by the appearance on sale of the final model of the DynaTAC 8000X mobile phone. Its price was 3995 dollars! Motorola MicroTac was released in 1989.
Who invented the telephone, we found out, but how did touch phones appear? In 1998, the light saw Although it was developed back in 1993 by IBM, which was engaged in computer technology. responds to finger touches to enter any information.
It is difficult to say for sure who invented the touch phone, most likely it was Samuel Hirst. In 1971 he developed the elograph - Graphics tablet. In 1972, the Americans introduced the first touchscreen phone. After 10 years, the first touchscreen TV was exhibited at the fair.
In 2007, the touchscreen phone LG KE850 Prada appeared, which had an excellent design and had great features. The phone could be controlled simply with a finger, not a stylus.
So, gradually, phones began to improve, many manufacturers appeared, the gadget became an indispensable thing for us, and many have forgotten who invented the phone.
Humans need constant communication. For the exchange of information and just for the soul. And it is not enough for him to communicate with people who are nearby. There is always something to say even to those who are on the next street, in another city or across the ocean. It has always been so. But only at the end of the nineteenth century did we have such an opportunity. In this article, we will trace the history of the appearance of the telephone, find out who invented the telephone and what difficulties scientists faced.
For many years there have been the most different ways transfer of information. Our ancestors sent letters with messengers and carrier pigeons, lit fires, and used the services of heralds.
In the 16th century, the Italian Giovanni della Porta invented the trumpet system, which were supposed to "permeate" all of Italy. This fantastic idea was not realized.
In 1837, the American inventor Samuel Morse created an electric telegraph and developed a telegraphic alphabet, which was called " morse code».
In the 1850s, an unexpected discovery was made by the Italian Antonio Meucci, who lives in New York. Confident in the positive effect of electricity on human health, he built a generator and opened a private medical practice. Once, after connecting the wires to the patient's lips, Meucci went into a back room to turn on the generator. Once the device is working, the doctor heard the cry of the patient. It was so loud and clear, as if the poor man was right next to him.
Meucci began to experiment with the generator, and by the beginning of the 70s the drawings of the device were already ready. telephony". In 1871, the inventor tried to register his brainchild, but something prevented him. Either the Italian did not have enough money for the registration procedure at the patent office, or the papers were lost during the shipment, or perhaps they were stolen.
In 1861, German scientist Philip Rice invented a device that could transmit all sorts of sounds through a cable. This was the first telephone. (It is worth reading about that and its history of creation) Rice failed to register a patent for his invention, so he did not become as widely known as the American Alexander Bell.
On February 14, 1876, Bell took the application to the Patent Office in Washington to patent " A telegraph device that can be used to transmit human speech". Two hours later, Elisha Grey, an electrical engineer, showed up. Gray's invention was called "A device for transmitting and receiving vocal sounds by telegraph". He was denied a patent.
This device consisted of a wooden stand, an auditory tube, a battery (a vessel of acid) and wires. The inventor himself called it the gallows.
The first words spoken on the phone were: “Watson, this is Bell! If you can hear me, then go to the window and beckon with your hat.
In 1878, a series of lawsuits began in America against Alexander Bell. About thirty people tried to take away the laurels of the inventor from him. Six lawsuits were dismissed outright. The other inventors' claims were divided into 11 points and considered separately. On eight of these points, Bell's superiority was recognized, on the other three, the inventors Edison and McDonough won the court. Gray has not won a single case. Although a study of Bell's diaries and papers filed by Gray with the Patent Office many years later showed that the author of the invention is Gray.
The further fate of Bell's invention was taken up by Thomas Edison. In 1878, he made some changes to the structure of the telephone: he introduced a carbon microphone and an induction coil into the circuit. Thanks to this modernization, the distance between the interlocutors could be significantly increased.
In the same year, the first telephone exchange in history opened in the small American town of New Chaven.
And in 1887, in Russia, the inventor K. A. Mostsitsky created a self-acting switch - the prototype of automatic telephone exchanges.
It is generally accepted that the birthplace of the mobile phone is the United States. But first mobile phone The device appeared in the Soviet Union. On November 4, 1957, radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich received a patent for " Calling and radio channel switching device telephone connection ". His radiotelephone could transmit sound signals to base station up to 25 kilometers. The device was a box with a disk for dialing, two toggle switches and a tube. He weighed half a kilo and worked up to 30 hours in standby mode.
The idea of creating cellular telephone communications appeared in 1946 from the American company AT&T Bell Labs. The company was engaged in the rental of car radios.
In parallel with AT & T Bell Labs, Motorola also conducted research. For about ten years, each of these companies sought to get ahead of the competitor. Motorola won.
In April 1973, one of the employees of this company, engineer Martin Cooper, "shared his joy" with colleagues from a competing company. He called the AT&T Bell Labs office, called the head of research department Joel Engel to the phone and said that in this moment is located on one of the streets of New York and talks on the world's first mobile phone. Cooper then went to a press conference dedicated to the miracle of technology, which he held in his hands.
Motorola's "firstborn" was named Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. He weighed about a kilogram, and reached a height of 25 cm.. The phone could work in talk mode for about 30 minutes, and charged for about 10 hours. And ten years later, in 1983, he finally went on sale. The novelty cost a lot of money - $ 3,500 - a little cheaper than a brand new car. But even so, there were plenty of potential buyers.
In 1992, Motorola released a mobile phone that could fit in the palm of your hand.
At the same time, the Finnish company Nokia introduced the first mass-produced GSM. Nokia phone 1011.
In 1993, thanks to BellSouth / IBM, the first communicator appeared - a telephone connected to a PDA.
And 1996 is the year of the creation of the first clamshell phone. This is the merit of the same Motorola.
In it Nokia time pleased the world with the first smartphone with Intel processor 386 and a full QWERTY keyboard - Nokia 9000.
On average, a person makes almost one and a half thousand phone calls a year.
The great-grandfather of the famous iPhone is IBM Simon, released in 1994. It was the world's first touchphone. Cost "Simon" a lot - $ 1090. But it was no longer just a phone. It combined the qualities of a telephone and a computer, and it could also be used as a pager or fax machine. It was equipped with a calculator, calendar, notepad, task list, a couple of games and even an agent Email.
The device had a monochrome display with a resolution of 160 × 293 pixels with a diagonal of 4.7 inches. Instead of the usual keys appeared virtual keyboard. The battery lasted for an hour of talk time or 12 hours of standby time.
Too high a price did not allow the model to become popular among users, but it was "Simon" went down in history as the first touchphone.
In 2000, the world saw the first telephone, officially called smartphone Ericsson R380. Touch screen The R380 was hidden under a hinged lid with regular buttons. The screen was monochrome, with a diagonal of 3.5 inches and a resolution of 120 × 360.
A smartphone based on a new one worked mobile devices Symbian OS. R380 supported WAP, browser, notepad, e-mail client, games were installed.
In 2007, IBM released the first phone with a sensor that responded to the touch of a finger rather than a stylus. It was LG KE850 Prada. This model is also remembered unusual design and wide functionality.
This year Apple company introduced to the general public its famous iPhone.
Motorola employee Martin Cooper
The release of it gives an answer to the question: the first mobile phone in the world?
The historic call on the world's first mobile phone took place on April 3, 1973, when its creator, Motorola employee Martin Cooper, phoned Joel Engel, head of research at Bell Laboratories.
It is noteworthy that Joel Engel was chosen as the interlocutor for a reason. The fact is that in those days, AT&T was the unofficial leader in the development of mobile technology. Many believed that the engineers of this particular company would be able to create the first such device.
The idea of a mobile phone in its modern version was born from a less mobile prototype - a car radio. These devices were extremely bulky, weighing about 15 kilograms, but, nevertheless, their popularity grew every day.
Martin Cooper, the Motorola engineer who was involved in this direction, proposed to finalize the phone, reducing the weight so that people could carry it with them without any problems. Some companies have also been working to reduce the weight of the phone, but Motorola is way ahead of the competition. It took 15 years and $90 million to implement Cooper's idea.
Motorola DynaTAC 8000X - the first mobile phone
On that memorable day, April 3, 1973, the bell rang in the office of Bell Laboratories design bureau chief Joel Engel. He picked up the phone and heard the voice of a sworn enemy - Martin, who said: "Guess where I'm calling from? .. I'm calling you from a real cell phone." Cooper later recalled: “I don’t remember what he said then, but, you know, it seemed to me that I heard his teeth grinding.”
It is worth noting that the cost of the first call on a mobile phone in the history of mankind amounted to about $90 million. Motorola made such investments in the process of designing the device.
Martin Cooper demonstrating the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X in 2007
Joel Engel can be understood - the era of new communications was beginning, and Bell Laboratories was rapidly flying into the ditch of history. Later, life put everything in its place - Bell did not go into oblivion, but showed itself in mobile communications no less than Motorola.
The world's first mobile phone Motorola DynaTAC 8000X (prototype) weighed about 1.15 kg and measured 22.5 x 12.5 x 3.75 cm. A small LED display showed the dialed phone. The battery charge was enough for 30 minutes of talking, but it took about 10 hours to charge it.
In total, until 1983, 5 DynaTACs were manufactured, and from 83, an improved commercial version of this model was produced, which weighed 850 grams and was sold for $ 3,995. In the first year of sales, 12,000 Americans acquired mobile phones.
On February 14, 1876, Scottish-American Alexander Graham Bell filed an application with the US Patent Office for an apparatus he had invented, which he called the telephone. Just two hours later, another American named Gray made a similar claim.
This happens to inventors to this day, although very infrequently. Bell's luck also consisted in the fact that an accident helped him to make an outstanding invention. However, to a much greater extent, the telephone owes its appearance to the enormous work, perseverance and knowledge of this person.
Alexander Graham Bell was born in Edinburgh on March 3, 1847 into a family of philologists. At the age of 14, he moved to London to live with his grandfather, under whose guidance he studied literature and oratory. And three years later he began an independent life, teaching music and oratory at the Weston House Academy. In the spring of 1871, the family moved to Boston, where Bell taught at a school for the deaf and dumb using a "visible speech system" invented by his grandfather.
At that time, the Western Union company was looking for a way to transmit several telegrams simultaneously over one pair of wires in order to get rid of the need to lay additional telegraph lines. The company announced a large cash prize to an inventor who would come up with a similar method.
Bell began to work on this problem, using his knowledge of the laws of acoustics. Bell was going to transmit seven telegrams at the same time, according to the number of musical notes - a tribute to the music he had loved since childhood. In the work on the "musical telegraph" Bell was assisted by a young resident of Boston, Thomas Watson. Watson admired Bell.
“Once, when I was working, a tall, slender, mobile man with a pale face, black sideburns and a high sloping forehead rushed up to my workbench, holding in his hands some part of the apparatus that was not made the way he wanted. He was the first educated person with whom I became intimately acquainted, and much about him delighted me.
Thomas Watson
about Graham Bell
And not only him. Bell's horizons were unusually broad, which was recognized by many of his contemporaries. A versatile education was combined in him with a liveliness of imagination, and this allowed him to easily combine in his experiments such different areas of science and art - acoustics, music, electrical engineering and mechanics.
Since, nevertheless, Bell was not an electrician, he consulted another famous Bostonian, scientist D. Henry, whose name is the unit of inductance. After examining the first model of the telegraph in Bell's laboratory, Henry exclaimed: "Do not quit what you started under any pretext!" Without leaving work on the "musical telegraph", Bell at the same time began to build a certain apparatus, by means of which he hoped to make the sounds of speech immediately and directly visible to the deaf-mutes, without any written notation. To do this, he worked for almost a year at the Massachusetts Otolaryngological Hospital, setting up various experiments to study human hearing.
The main part of the apparatus was to be a membrane, fixed on the latter, a needle recorded on the surface of a rotating drum curves corresponding to various sounds, syllables and words. Thinking about the action of the membrane, Bell came up with the idea of another device, with the help of which, as he wrote, "it will become possible to transmit various sounds, if only it will be possible to cause fluctuations in the intensity of the electric current, corresponding to those fluctuations in the density of the air that this sound produces." Bell gave the sonorous name “telephone” to this device, which does not yet exist. So the work on the private task of helping the deaf and dumb led to the idea of creating a device that turned out to be necessary for all mankind and, undoubtedly, influenced the further course of history.
Working on the "musical telegraph", Bell and Watson worked in different rooms, where the transmitting and receiving devices were installed. The tuning forks were steel plates of different lengths, rigidly fixed at one end and closed at the other. electrical circuit.
Once Watson had to release the end of the record, which was stuck in the contact gap and in the process touched other records. Those, naturally, rattled. Writer Mitchell Wilson describes further events as follows: “Although the experimenters believed that the line was not working, Bell's delicate hearing caught a faint rattle in the receiving device. He immediately guessed what had happened, and rushed headlong into the room to Watson. “What were you doing now? he shouted. "Don't change anything!" Watson began to explain what was the matter, but Bell interrupted him excitedly, saying that they had now discovered what they had been looking for all along. The stuck plate acted like a primitive diaphragm. In all of Bell and Watson's previous experiments, the free end simply closed and opened the electrical circuit. Now, the sound vibrations of the plate induced electromagnetic oscillations in a magnet located next to the plate. This was the difference between the telephone and all other pre-existing telegraph devices.
The operation of the telephone requires a continuous electric current, the strength of which would vary in exact accordance with the vibrations of sound waves in the air. The invention of the telephone occurred at the time of the highest flowering of the electric telegraph and was completely unexpected. At that time in the United States, the Morse-founded Magnetic Telegraph Company was completing a line from the Mississippi to the East Coast. In Russia, Boris Jacobi created more and more advanced devices, overtaking all competitors in reliability and transmission speed. The telegraph corresponded to the needs of its era so much that other means of electrical communication were, it seems, not needed at all.
The world's first telephone, assembled by Watson, had a sound membrane made of leather. Its center was connected with the moving armature of the electromagnet. Sound vibrations were amplified by the horn, concentrating on the membrane fixed in its smallest section.
Bell's breadth of outlook played no less a role in the invention of the telephone than his intuition. Knowledge in the field of acoustics and electrical engineering, combined with the experience of an experimenter, led a teacher at a school for deaf children to an invention that allowed millions of people to hear each other across continents and oceans.
Meanwhile, telephony as the principle of transmitting information by voice to long distances was known before the new era. The Persian king Cyrus (VI century BC) had 30,000 people in the service for this purpose, called "royal ears". Settled on the tops of hills and watchtowers within earshot of each other, they transmitted messages intended for the king and his orders. The Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC) testifies that in a day the news was transmitted by such a telephone over a distance of a thirty-day transition. Julius Caesar mentions that the Gauls had a similar communication system. Indicates even the speed of transmission of the message - 100 kilometers per hour.
In 1876, Bell demonstrated his apparatus at the Philadelphia World's Fair. Within the walls of the exhibition pavilion, for the first time, the word telephone sounded - this is how the inventor introduced his “talking telegraph”. To the amazement of the jury, the monologue of the Prince of Denmark “To be or not to be?” was heard from the mouthpiece of this contraption, performed at the same time, but in a different room, by the inventor himself, Mr. Bell.
History answered this question with an unquestioning “to be”. Bell's invention became a sensation at the Philadelphia Exposition. And this is despite the fact that the first telephone set worked with monstrous sound distortions, it was possible to talk with it no further than at a distance of 250 meters, because it operated even without batteries, by the force of electromagnetic induction alone, its receiving and transmitting devices were the same primitive.
Having organized the Bell Telephone Society, the inventor began hard work to improve his brainchild, and a year later he patented a new membrane and armature for the telephone. Then I used Yuza's carbon microphone and battery power to increase the transmission distance. In this form, the phone has successfully existed for more than a hundred years.
Many other inventors were engaged in improving telephone devices, and by 1900 more than 3,000 patents had been issued in this area. Of these, one can note a microphone designed by the Russian engineer M. Makhalsky (1878), as well as the first automatic station for 10,000 numbers by S. M. Apostolov (1894). But then, after the Philadelphia exhibition, the history of the phone was just beginning. Ahead was a fierce struggle with competitors. Bell was also expected to compete with another famous inventor - Thomas Edison.
Bell's patent turned out to be one of the most profitable ever issued in the US, so for the next decades he was the target of attacks by almost every major electrical and telegraph company in America. However, its commercial significance was not immediately understood by contemporaries. Almost immediately after receiving the patent, Bell offered Western Union to buy it for $100,000, hoping that the proceeds would enable him to pay off his debts. But his proposal met with no response.
Bell demonstrated his phone in front of an audience in Salem, and in Boston, and in New York. The first broadcasts consisted mainly of playing musical instruments and singing popular arias. Newspapers wrote about the inventor with respect, but his activities almost did not bring money.
On June 11, 1877, Bell and Mabel Hubbard were married at the home of the bride's parents, and the young couple sailed for England. This trip played a huge role in the history of the phone. In England, Bell successfully continued the demonstrations that gathered a large number of public. Finally, a "delightful telephone performance" was given to the Queen herself and her family. Titled persons sang, recited and talked to each other over the wires, interrupting themselves with questions about whether they could be heard well. The queen was pleased.
The newspapers were so hyped about the success of the telephone in England that Western Union had to change its mind about the invention. The company's president, Orton, reasoned that if some teacher for the deaf had invented the electric telephone, experts like Edison and Gray could make a better one. And in early 1879, Western Union created the American Spiking Telephone Company, which took up the production of telephones, ignoring Bell's patent law.
Bell's supporters, having taken loans, created the New England Telephone Company in response and rushed into battle. The result of the struggle, however, was the creation at the end of 1879 of the combined "Bell Company". In December of that year, the share price rose to $995. Bell became an extremely wealthy man. Wealth was accompanied by fame and worldwide fame. France awarded him the Volta Prize, established by Napoleon, in the amount of 50 thousand francs (before Bell, this award was issued only once), and made him a Knight of the Legion of Honor. In 1885 he took American citizenship.
In one of his letters to his companions, Bell, for the first time in history, and at the same time, outlined in great detail a plan for creating in a big city telephone network based on the central switch. In the letter, he insisted that for advertising purposes it would be desirable to install free telephone sets in the central shops of the city.
On a rainy morning on August 4, 1922, all telephones in the United States and Canada were turned off for a minute. America buried Alexander Graham Bell. 13 million telephone sets of all kinds and designs fell silent in honor of the great inventor.
Ordinary Story: Telephone
Almost no modern person can imagine his life and work without a phone.
However, quite recently, on a historical scale, there were times when the phone was considered a luxury. Who invented and introduced the telephone to the general public?
Content:As everyone knows, the era of telephone communication began with wired telephones, which could transmit voice messages using technologies that are significantly different from modern ones.
Such a device was a major breakthrough and the first "ring" of an active scientific and technological revolution, which began almost immediately after the creation of such an innovative device.
The first telephone was created in an era when the only way more or less rapid transmission of messages over long distances was the telegraph.
At that time, the telegraph was considered a perfect and fully functional means of communication with remote regions.
However, the invention of the telephone revolutionized the use of the telephone rather quickly.
It is worth noting that the invention of the telephone could not even be conceived until the moment when electricity was discovered.
When electricity became more or less widely used, the telegraph appeared - morse presented to the public in 1897 not only his alphabet, but also a broadcasting device.
The appearance of the world's first device capable of quickly transmitting information without a physical carrier over a longer distance proved that such a method of transmission is possible in principle, and gave the scientists of that time an impetus to develop methods for its improvement.
And at the end of the 19th century, scientists managed to significantly improve the method of transmission, give it a new format. It is believed that the telephone was invented by Alexander Bell, but this is not entirely true.
The appearance of the device would be impossible without Philip Rice- German scientist.
It was Rice who created the very basis of the future telephone.- a device capable of transmitting a recording of a human voice over some (quite large for that time) distances using galvanic current conductors. Rice's development saw the light in 1861, and during this period Bell took it as the basis for his future invention - the telephone, in the form in which it is known to us now.
So, 15 years later, namely in 1876, the first telephone based on galvanic current appeared, the inventor of which was considered Alexander Graham Bell.
At this year's World's Fair, a Scottish researcher presented his apparatus for transmitting voice messages at a distance, and also applied for a patent.
What specifications had this first device?
It was significantly inferior not only to devices that spread in the 20th century, but also to subsequent models created by Bell a few years later.
However, at that time, its characteristics were considered premium.
The distance that the device could transmit sound was 200 m, which was a lot.
Initially, he had a strong sound distortion, but with the next improvement, Alexander Bell eliminated this problem.
And in this form, the device, invented and improved by him, existed for almost 100 years.
Like many famous inventions that changed not only the course of scientific and technological progress, but also the course of history, this was created by accident.
Initially, Alexander Bell's goal was not to create a device that transmits a voice message, but to create a telegraph machine capable of transmitting several telegrams simultaneously.
In the process of experiments on such an improvement of the telegraph apparatus, the telephone was created.
The telegraph worked using pairs of records, and for their experience, Bell and his assistant prepared several pairs of such records, which were tuned to work at different frequencies.
As a result of a slight violation of the technology of the experiment, one of the plates got stuck.
The inventor's assistant began to express his opinion on what had happened, while Bell himself at that moment carried out some manipulations with the receiving device of the telegraph apparatus.
A few seconds later, scientists heard sounds coming from the transmitter and resembling a voice recording, albeit with very strong distortion. From that moment the history of telephone communication began. After Alexander Bell presented his device to the public, many eminent scientists began work to improve the existing device.
The Patent Office issued hundreds of patents for devices that could modernize and improve the created phone. The most significant of them are:
1 Call T. Watson, which replaced the whistle that was originally installed on Bell's apparatus, which appeared in 1878;
2 Carbon microphone M. Michalsky, which allowed to improve the quality of transmission, and created in 1878;
3 Automatic telephone exchange for 10,000 S. Apostolov numbers which appeared in 1894.
The importance of Alexander Bell's invention can also be assessed in terms of financial parameters.
This patent became one of the most profitable in the world, it was he who made Bell a world-famous and very rich man. But was it deserved?
In 2002, the US Congress recognized that this patent was issued undeservedly, and the true discoverer of telephone communications should not be considered the Scottish scientist Alexander Graham Bell, but the Italian inventor Antonio Meucci, who created his device for many years of Bell's dot phone.
In 1860, he actually created the first apparatus capable of transmitting sound over wires. Meucci's device was called the telextrophone.
At the time of the creation and improvement of the invention, Meucci lived in the USA, was already almost an elderly man and was in a very poor financial situation.
At this stage, his invention and interested in a large company Western Union.
Its representatives offered the scientist to sell all his developments for a substantial amount, and also promised to assist in obtaining a patent.
The poor financial situation forced Meucci to give in to the company's demands. He received his money, but he did not get any help in obtaining a patent, so he applied himself, but was refused. And in 1876, Alexander Bell received a patent for an almost completely similar device.
This was a serious shock to Meucci, and he tried to challenge the decision to award the patent to Bell in court.
During the first stages of the proceedings, Meucci did not have enough finances to deal with a huge corporation.
As a result, the right to a patent was nevertheless returned to him in court, but only when the term of this patent had already expired.
Important! It was only in 2002 that a resolution of the Congress of the United States of America came out, according to which it was Meucci who was officially recognized as the inventor of the telephone.
Apparatuses similar to those invented by Meucci were used throughout most of the twentieth century.
They were constantly improved, and if the first models that became widespread could only communicate with the called subscriber through a telephone exchange, which required manual connection, then later these stations became automatic, subscribers were able to communicate almost directly.
The appearance of such automatic system communication was a big step towards the invention of the telephone in the form in which users know it now.
The first telephone that brought scientists closer to the invention of cellular communications was the radiotelephone.
After that, the first cell phone appeared, and relatively recently, satellite telephony.
The newest of the existing developments can be called, which already has little in common directly with the phone, but performs the same functions.
The history of cellular communications began with radiotelephones, the first tests of which were carried out in 1941 by G. Shapiro and I. Zakharchenko in the USSR, and by AT&T Bell Laboratories in the USA.
The system worked on the basis of radio communication and was supposed to be used for communication between cars (in the modern sense, it was more like a walkie-talkie than a telephone).
In both superpowers, the tests were successful and the system fully met the expectations of the inventors.
And already in 1947, the concept of using hexagonal cells for communication was first proposed in the United States. It was proposed for use by Douglas Ring and Ray Young, inventors working for Bell. The tests were also successful, and it was on the basis of this technology that the mobile connection(And it is on the basis of this technology that it got its name).
But the real birthplace of mobile communications is still considered not the USA or the USSR, but Sweden.
Here, in 1956, a communication system between cars was launched and successfully operated, which became the first such system in the world.
Initially, the project was implemented in the three largest cities of the state - Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö.
The first telephone set that could be truly mobile and used in field devices was invented in the USSR.
The subscriber could carry it with him, it did not need to be built into cars and transported, like earlier models.
The apparatus was presented to the public by L.I. Kupriyanovich, a Soviet engineer, in 1957.
The weight of the device was 3 kg, which was very small by the then standards, while it operated over fairly long distances - up to 30 km, depending on the terrain.
The operating time of this device without replacing the batteries was 20-30 hours, depending on the operating conditions. The inventor received a patent for the engineering solutions of the apparatus in 1957.
This engineer continued to work in this direction until 1958.
This year, he created a more compact mobile phone that works on the same principles as the previous device.
The new device weighed only half a kilogram, and did not exceed the size of a cigarette box.
Kupriyanovich does not stop his work in 1961.
This year, he creates a device with the same principles of operation as the previous two, but weighing only 70 grams and fits in a pocket. It is capable of communicating over a distance of up to 80 km.
According to the inventor, this device could well be adapted to mass production in order to mass-equip heads of departments and enterprises with it. Some time later, in one of his interviews to periodicals, he declares his readiness to design 10 automatic television stations throughout the country for portable phones. But this project was never carried out in reality.
Although Kupriyanovich himself will soon stop working, his system, in various variations, continues to be improved by other companies.
So, in 1965, the Radioelectronics company from Bulgaria presented at the Inforga-65 technology festival a system from the main telephone exchange for 15 subscribers, and 15 telephones themselves.
At the same time, they mention that the project was developed precisely on the principle of Kupriyanovich's equipment.
Work on such technology in this organization continues into 1966. At the scientific exhibition Interorgtekhnika-66, they present a set of mobile phones and a station designed to work with six devices. An industrial model is presented, ready, to a greater or lesser extent, for mass production.
In the future, the company works with this particular model, which is already significantly different from Kupriyanovich's devices.
They first create a station for 69 numbers, and then for 699.
The system became widespread, became a substitute for intercom and was widely produced by industrial enterprises to equip departmental institutions with communications, and was actively used in the country until the beginning of the 90s.
At the same time, the development of radiotelephones for cars is being actively carried out.
They are implemented using a different technology, different from the technology of Kupriyanovich, but they are relatively popular and widely distributed in the USSR and the world at the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century.
In 1958, work began on the design and creation of mobile phones designed to equip civilian departmental vehicles.
These phones are called "Altai" and could only be used in a car.
In 1963, the Altai was already introduced into more or less mass production and relatively widely used, the technology is so far only distributed in Moscow, and then begins to be used in St. Petersburg.
Only by 1970 it was put into operation in 30 more large cities of the Soviet Union.
First steps towards widespread adoption cell phones and commercialization of the industry were made in 1982 by a British company Pye Telecommunications.
They demonstrated an automatic mobile phone that works as a set-top box for a walkie-talkie. Pocketphone 70. Theoretically, the device could be introduced everywhere.
In 1983, Motorola introduced the first model of a truly commercial mobile phone, intended not only for organizations and departments, but also for individual users who simply could afford to buy a device.
The model of the device was called DynaTAC 8000X, and it took the company almost 16 years to create it.
At the same time, a huge amount was invested in it Money, according to some sources - more than 110 million dollars.
The device weighed almost 800 grams, had a length of 33 cm, a thickness of 4.5 cm, and a width of almost 9 cm.
The battery could work autonomously for up to 9 hours of standby time or 1 hour of talk time, and it was the first phone with a battery charged from the mobile network.
The device was sold at a price of almost 4,000 US dollars.
The technology quickly became popular despite the fact that the first devices were very expensive for the average user.
But already in 1984, more than 300,000 subscribers used such phones (and the mobile communication format).
In 2003, this figure exceeded one billion two hundred million subscribers - it is generally accepted that it was in this year that the technology really became widespread throughout the world and firmly entered the life of an ordinary user.
And on July 1, 1991, the first call made in the GSM format was made in Finland. And it is this date that is considered the birthplace of a common format that we use to this day. Even with the introduction of other technologies wireless communication and networks of other types, namely given format communication is still the most massive and is characterized by the most significant coverage area on the globe.
In 1998, a prototype of the first device of this type with a touch-sensitive screen appeared.
This was an important step towards a qualitatively new type of mobile devices for communication, including smartphones.
This first touch phone, in fact, became the progenitor of the devices that we use today.
During the 80s and 90s the price of Cell phones falls, and by the early 2000s, although they are still expensive, they still become available to most users.
And after 7-8 years, mobile communication almost completely replaces the stationary one.
